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131.
132.
Fava L Orrú MA Businelli D Scardala S Funari E 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(6):386-391
BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Laboratory studies were conducted with the aim of defining the leaching potential of some phenylureas and their metabolites. A first study was performed for calculating their leaching index (as GUS) on the base of intrinsic properties: persistence (as DT50) and mobility (as Koc) in soil. Another study consisted of aged column leaching experiments whose meaning was to semi-quantify the occurrence of the tested compounds in the leachates, so simulating in field conditions. METHODS: The tested compounds were: diuron, linuron and monolinuron (parents); 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), 4-chloroaniline (CLA), 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylurea (DCPMU), 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (DCPU), 1-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (CPU) and monuron, this latter considered both as a metabolite and parent compound. The Koc values of the examined substances were determined by the HPLC screening methods, according to the OECD TG 121. DT50 determinations and aged column leaching experiments were carried out according to SETAC procedures. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The examined compounds showed a rather wide range of persistence in soil, with DT50 values less than 2 days for DCA and CLA, close to 8 days for DCPU and CPU and from 16 (diuron) up to 24.8 (DCPMU) days for the others. Their mobility was generally high, based on their Koc values, which ranged from 33 (CPU) to 406 (linuron). The GUS indices indicated that monuron has a clear potential to contaminate groundwater (> 2.8); DCPMU, monolinuron, CPU and diuron are intermediate contaminants (1.8-2.8). Linuron, DCPU, CLA and DCA exhibited a non-leaching behaviour (< 1.8). The aged leaching column experiments showed that parents were found in the leachates at very high percentages respect to the doses applied. The metabolites reached much less percentages, the highest values were observed for monuron from diuron (5.7), CPU (7.2) and DCPMU (8.2%). CONCLUSION: Diuron, Monuron, CPU and DCPMU on the basis of their intrinsic properties, formation from their parents and occurrence in leachates from aged column leaching studies, seem to possess the characteristics of groundwater contaminants. The methodological approach of this study is relatively easy and rapid, hence it can represent a tool for a first screening of compounds such as pesticide metabolites (generally available only in small quantities and for which a field study is not conceivable) or other compounds for which not adequate environmental data are available. 相似文献
133.
Landscape changes and environmental quality: the evolution of land vulnerability and potential resilience to degradation in Italy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Luca Salvati Ilaria Tombolini Luigi Perini Agostino Ferrara 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(6):1223-1233
Resilience, considered as the ability of a system to absorb and compensate pressures derived from human and natural systems, is a topic of interest in the Mediterranean region whose landscape is the joint result of social, economic and environmental factors. The present study analyses the changes in the Italian landscape over two periods (1960–1990 and 1990–2010) of the last 50 years through a composite index of environmental resilience and vulnerability to land degradation. Results indicate that the spatial distribution of this index has been considerably changed from a relatively simple geography (mainly reflecting a latitude gradient) to a more complex pattern. The level of vulnerability of southern Italian land maintained quite stable while increasing significantly in Northern and Central Italy. The (potential) resilience level decreased over time in Central and Northern Italy while growing moderately in Southern Italy. This means that important processes of environmental changes impacting landscape resilience occurred with a different spatial trend in Italy. The composite index derived from vulnerability and potential resilience estimates at the regional scale revealed crucial to map over time the increase of surface land exposed to desertification risk. Results support the adoption of measures promoting a sustainable land management in environmentally vulnerable land with low potential to resilience. 相似文献
134.
Cosate de Andrade Marina Fernandes Loureiro Hugo Campos Sarantopóulos Claire Isabel Grígoli de Luca Morales Ana Rita 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2021,29(10):3288-3301
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - This work assesses the influence of the plasticizer polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the compatibilization of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)... 相似文献
135.
Belviso Claudia Montano Pietro Lettino Antonio Toschi Francesco Lambertini Vito Guido Veca Antonino D. Moschetto Elisabetta Cavalcante Francesco Guarnaccio Ambra 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2021,23(3):965-975
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - In this work, the effectiveness of a rapid recycling method of waste polypropylene (WPP) with the addition of inorganic fillers was investigated.... 相似文献
136.
A flood event was investigated in a measurement section of the estuary of the Dese River, the major tributary of the Venice Lagoon (mean annual discharge=7.5 m3/s), to observe the variations induced by the flow on the physico-chemistry of the water column and the transport of particles and pollutants. The flood was generated by a typical summer storm, which had a return period of 2 years. The study was based on the continuous recording of the discharge and the measurement of both current speed and physico-chemical variables along the vertical profile. Water samples were also collected for the analysis of total and dissolved heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn), and nutrients (TKN, N-NO3-, N-NO2-, N-NH3, total phosphorous, P-PO43-). The suspended particle matter (SPM) concentration increased in the water column during the flood, and the discharge versus SPM relationship showed a counterclockwise hysteresis. The occurrence of hysteresis was related to the delayed response of the load, deriving from the runoff on the basin soils with respect to materials mobilized from the streambed in the initial phases of the flood. The transport of most of the analysed heavy metals was driven by the SPM. The increase in concentration of this parameter significantly affected the amount of Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, and partially Zn transported by the stream. Among nutrients, N-NO3- concentration also increased significantly during the flood, due to the runoff on agricultural surfaces. The study allowed describing the mechanisms of load generation with high flow magnitudes, highlighting the importance of floods in the transport of materials and pollutants from the drainage basin to the Venice Lagoon. 相似文献
137.
A specimen of Araucaria angustifolia from the south of Brazil was analyzed for 13C/12C variations in the cellulose of the tree rings. Those data, when compared with the growth pattern of the tree, showed a good correlation (r = ? 0.72) over a period of 200 years. A collection of six European trees was analyzed for the same effect and, although the expected inverse relation is evident from the graphical representation, the correlation coefficients are small. This is certainly due to the large scatter of δ13C data from those trees. 相似文献
138.
The paper aims at identifying the effects exerted by a tax levy on an overexploited and previously unregulated fishery. The analysis is carried out by means of a dynamic model that includes fish stock and harvesting effort as state variables. Attention is focused on the role played by demand elasticity which is shown to affect both transients and equilibria.According to the analysis, a levy induces a contraction in effort, which is sharper in the short term. As a consequence, the fish population recovers and ultimately settles at a higher equilibrium level. Therefore, a larger amount of fish is caught in the long run and sold at a lower price than in the unregulated setting. The more inelastic the demand, the smaller both the equilibrium price for fish and the tax imposed. 相似文献
139.
S. Focardi C. Fossi M. Lambertini C. Leonzio A. Massi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1988,10(1):43-50
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (hexachlorobenzene, lindane, ppDDE, polychlorinated biphenyls) and trace elements (Hg, Se, Cd, Pb) were determined in eggs of Yellow-legged Herring Gull (Larus cachinnans) collected in an island of the Tyrrhenian Sea during the period 1981–1986. PCBs levels vary on the average between 30.4g g–1 d.w. in 1981 to 56.1 g g–1 d.w. in 1983. The capillary chromatograms revealed the presence of about 30 somers of PCBs without significant variations in the eggs of the same year; more than 50% of the residues is made up only three isomers: the 22'44'55', the 22'344'5' and the 22'344'55'. Average DDE residues were 7–8 times lower than those of PCBs and declined during the period (from 9.2 g g–1 d.w. in 1981 to 4.5 g g–1 d.w. in 1986). Cadmium and lead are present in low concentrations. The average levels of mercury and selenium are around 2–2.5 g g–1 d.w., and a cumulative correlation, on a molar basis, exists between these two elements. 相似文献
140.
Stefano Loppi Fabrizio Chiti Adelmo Corsini Luca Bernardi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1994,29(1):17-27
The epiphytic lichen Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach. was used as bioaccumulator of the heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in the environs of the town of Pistoia (central northern Italy). The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg and Pb were comparable with those found in areas not subject to atmospheric pollution. Copper and especially Zn were found in rather high concentrations. Fertilizers and pesticides were the main source of atmospheric contamination. 相似文献