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21.
22.
Bosch J 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2002,89(12):575-578
Female midwife toads (genus Alytes) emit highly variable reciprocal calls of unclear function prior to and during courtship. In some species, female-female competition, expressed as physical fighting, has been reported. Males of Majorcan midwife toads (Alytes muletensis) show phonotactic response to female calls, and females of Iberian midwife toads (Alytes cisternasii) respond differently according to the male call characteristics. In this study, I test the hypothesis of female-female acoustic competition as an additional function of female reciprocal calls. Playback tests indicate that female calls are not clearly involved in female acoustic competition in the Iberian midwife toad, therefore female calls could be directed at males rather than towards competitive females. 相似文献
23.
Gamergates (i.e. mated reproductive workers) are mostly known from ant species within the Ponerinae. We report here the discovery of gamergates in two species of the subfamily Myrmicinae. Until now, mated reproductive females in colonies of myrmicine species have been considered morphologically distinct from the worker caste. However, in two species of the myrmicine Metapone (Metapone madagascarica and a newly discovered, not yet described Metapone species) all workers have six ovarioles and a spermatheca; and some of them are mated. There are no morphological differences between mated and non-mated workers. Field observations and laboratory studies indicate that colonies of the Metapone species can reproduce with gamergates only. 相似文献
24.
Although amphibians are highly vocal, they generally emit only a limited number of acoustic communication signals. We report here the extraordinarily rich vocal repertoire of Amolops tormotus, a ranid species in China. These frogs produce countless vocalizations, some of which share features of birdsong or primate calls, e.g., ultrasonic frequency components, multiple upward and downward FM sweeps, and sudden onset and offset of selective harmonic components within a call note. Frame-by-frame video analysis of the frog's calling behavior suggests the presence of two pairs of vocal sacs that may contribute to the remarkable call-note complexity in this species. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-002-0335-x. 相似文献
25.
Aysen Müezzinoğlu Tolga Elbir Abdurrahman Bayram 《Environmental Engineering and Policy》1998,1(2):109-116
In this study, an inventory of air pollutant emission estimates from major air polluting sources in Turkey for period between 1985 and 2005 with 5-year intervals were estimated. Inventory covers anthropogenic sources of five major air pollutants of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and non-methane volatile organic compounds. Their break-down with respect to main activity sectors were shown and their distribution by the largest industrial source categories were worked out as annual estimates. This inventory and its analysis point to serious environmental implications of air pollutants and a need to develop a policy plan for reducing these emissions. 相似文献
26.
Independent teams undertook environmental monitoring of particular concentrations of major construction projects forming part of Hong Kong’s U.S. $20 billion airport infrastructure programme located in dense urban areas. The team combination of environmental specialists with experienced civil engineers enabled pragmatic mitigation measures to be developed and accepted by the construction personnel with the result that potentially significant adverse impacts were averted. The authors discuss the mechanism and success of this innovative approach. 相似文献
27.
Andreas Züttel 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(3):343-365
Hydrogen storage and transportation or distribution is closely linked together. Hydrogen can be distributed continuously in
pipelines or batch wise by ships, trucks, railway or airplanes. All batch transportation requires a storage system but also
pipelines can be used as pressure storage system. Hydrogen exhibits the highest heating value per weight of all chemical fuels.
Furthermore, hydrogen is regenerative and environment friendly. There are two reasons why hydrogen is not the major fuel of
toady’s energy consumption: First of all, hydrogen is just an energy carrier. And, although it is the most abundant element
in the universe, it has to be produced, since on earth it only occurs in the form of water. This implies that we have to pay
for this energy, which results in a difficult economic task, because since the industrialization we are used to consuming
energy for free. The second difficulty with hydrogen as an energy carrier is the low critical temperature of 33 K, i.e. hydrogen
is a gas at room temperature. For mobile and in many cases also for stationary applications the volumetric and gravimetric
density of hydrogen in a storage system is crucial. Hydrogen can be stored by six different methods and phenomena: high pressure
gas cylinders (up to 800 bar), liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks (at 21 K), adsorbed hydrogen on materials with a large specific
surface area (at T < 100 K), absorbed on interstitial sites in a host metal (at ambient pressure and temperature), chemically bond in covalent
and ionic compounds (at ambient pressure), oxidation of reactive metals e.g. Li, Na, Mg, Al, Zn with water. These metals easily
react with water to the corresponding hydroxide and liberate the hydrogen from the water. Finally, the metal hydroxides can
be thermally reduced to the metals in a solar furnace. 相似文献
28.
FUENSANTA CARAVACA DINO FIGUEROA ANTONIO ROLDÁn CONCEPCIÓN AZCÓN-AGUILAR 《Environmental management》2003,31(3):0412-0420
The reestablisment of autochthonous plant species is an essential strategy for recovering degraded areas under semiarid conditions.
A field experiment was carried out to assess the short-term effect of two reafforestation methods involving mycorrhizal inoculation
and compost addition on soil quality parameters and Rhamnus lycioides seedling growth. The nutrient content (NPK) and enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, urease, protease-BAA, acid phosphatase
and β-glucosidase) increased and bulk density decreased in the rhizosphere soil with the organic amendment. Biomass C of rhizosphere
soil increased by at least 240% with respect to the control soil after mycorrhizal inoculation and the combination of compost
addition + mycorrhizal inoculation. Both mycorrhizal inoculation and composted organic residue addition increased R. lycioides seedling growth in the same proportion. In the short term, we conclude that the application of both reafforestation methods
not only enhances the establishment of R. lycioides seedlings, but also improves soil quality. 相似文献
29.
Variations between rice cultivars in root secretion of organic acids and the relationship with plant cadmium uptake 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
To attempt to understand certain mechanisms causing the variations between rice cultivars with regard to Cd uptake and accumulation,
pot soil experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars at different levels of Cd, i.e., 0 (the control), 10, 50 mg Cd
kg−1 soil. The two rice cultivars differ significantly with regard to Cd uptake and accumulation. Root secretions of low-molecular-weight
organic acids (LMWOA) for each treatment were measured with ion chromatography. The results showed that LMWOA concentrations
in the soil planted with Shan you 63 (a high soil Cd accumulator) were all higher than those in the soil planted with Wu yun jing 7 (low soil Cd accumulator) at different soil Cd levels, although the magnitudes of the differences varied for individual LMWOA
and depend on soil Cd concentrations. For all six LMWOA, there were significant differences at P < 0.05 or < 0.01 levels for soils treated with 10 and 50 mg kg−1 Cd. The magnitude of the differences was greater under soil Cd treatments, especially at relatively low levels (for example,
10 mg Cd kg−1 soil), than in the control. Acetic acid and formic acid constituted more than 96% of the total concentration of the six LMWOA,
while citric acid constituted only about 0.1%. The rice cultivar with higher concentrations of LMWOA in soil accumulated more
Cd in the plants. The results indicate that LMWOA secretion by rice root, especially in Cd-contaminated soils, is likely to
be one of the mechanisms determining the plant Cd uptake properties of rice cultivars. 相似文献
30.
A review of the distribution of particulate trace elements in urban terrestrial environments and its application to considerations of risk 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
We review the evolution, state of the art and future lines of research on the sources, transport pathways, and sinks of particulate
trace elements in urban terrestrial environments to include the atmosphere, soils, and street and indoor dusts. Such studies
reveal reductions in the emissions of some elements of historical concern such as Pb, with interest consequently focusing
on other toxic trace elements such as As, Cd, Hg, Zn, and Cu. While establishment of levels of these elements is important
in assessing the potential impacts of human society on the urban environment, it is also necessary to apply this knowledge
in conjunction with information on the toxicity of those trace elements and the degree of exposure of human receptors to an
assessment of whether such contamination represents a real risk to the city’s inhabitants and therefore how this risk can
be addressed. 相似文献