全文获取类型
收费全文 | 988篇 |
免费 | 20篇 |
国内免费 | 12篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 46篇 |
废物处理 | 45篇 |
环保管理 | 253篇 |
综合类 | 85篇 |
基础理论 | 254篇 |
污染及防治 | 225篇 |
评价与监测 | 65篇 |
社会与环境 | 33篇 |
灾害及防治 | 14篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 4篇 |
2022年 | 14篇 |
2021年 | 12篇 |
2020年 | 11篇 |
2019年 | 11篇 |
2018年 | 21篇 |
2017年 | 19篇 |
2016年 | 30篇 |
2015年 | 25篇 |
2014年 | 35篇 |
2013年 | 106篇 |
2012年 | 35篇 |
2011年 | 56篇 |
2010年 | 39篇 |
2009年 | 36篇 |
2008年 | 53篇 |
2007年 | 47篇 |
2006年 | 44篇 |
2005年 | 30篇 |
2004年 | 26篇 |
2003年 | 36篇 |
2002年 | 33篇 |
2001年 | 16篇 |
2000年 | 20篇 |
1999年 | 20篇 |
1998年 | 5篇 |
1997年 | 17篇 |
1996年 | 15篇 |
1995年 | 13篇 |
1994年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 15篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 7篇 |
1989年 | 11篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 8篇 |
1985年 | 13篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 9篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有1020条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
941.
942.
The exogenous application of chemical repellents is widespread in birds, but endogenous production is exceedingly rare. We herein report a new class of avian defensive compounds isolated from the feathers and volatile odor of the crested auklet (Aethia cristatella). Mass spectra indicate that n-hexanal, n-octanal, n-decanal, Z-4-decenal and a 12-carbon unsaturated aldehyde comprise the auklet odorant. Octanal and hexanal are also secreted in the repugnant metasternal gland emissions of heteropteran insects and are known to be potent invertebrate repellents. We suggest that the auklet odorant functions as an ectoparasite repellent and a signal of mate quality. This would represent a rare and direct link between vigor, quality and parasite resistance, one of several putative bases for mate selection. This is the first report of defensive compounds produced by a seabird or colonial bird and one of the few examples of chemical defense in a polar or subpolar marine vertebrate. 相似文献
943.
Boris M. Petrikovsky MD Phd Margaret I. Cuomo Elizabeth P. Schneider Linda J. Wyse Harris L. Cohen Martin Lesser 《黑龙江环境通报》1995,15(9):827-829
The aim was to assess the role that fetal bladder size has in the determination of fetal hydronephrosis. Forty-three fetuses were evaluated for fetal hydronephrosis in the second trimester of pregnancy. Anteroposterior measurements of the renal pelvis were obtained with a full bladder and again when the bladder emptied in each fetus. Statistical analysis was performed using the Spearman rank order correlation coefficient to assess the relationship between bladder status and renal dilation. The anteroposterior size of the fetal renal pelvis diminished from 6.8 ± 1.8 mm on a full bladder scan to 4.5 ± 1.6 mm when the bladder was emptied (P<0.001). Fifty-three per cent of the fetuses whose renal pelvic measurements were 5 mm or more on a full bladder scan had normal-appearing renal pelvises when their bladders emptied. The status of the fetal bladder should be considered when evaluating fetal hydronephrosis. 相似文献
944.
Maud C. O. Ferrari Terence Capitania-Kwok Douglas P. Chivers 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,60(4):522-527
The supposition that prey animals respond to a predator with an intensity that matches the risk posed by the predator is known as the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis. Many studies have provided support for this hypothesis; yet, few studies have attempted to determine how such abilities are acquired by prey species. In this study, we investigated whether fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) could learn to recognize an unknown predator (northern pike, Esox lucius) in such a way that they could match the intensity of their antipredator response with the threat posed by the predator. We exposed pike-naïve minnows to conspecific alarm cues paired with either a high or low concentration of pike odor. The following day, both groups were tested for a response to either high or low concentration of pike odor alone. We found that minnows conditioned with alarm cues paired with a given concentration of pike odor subsequently responded with a higher intensity to higher concentrations of pike odor, and with a lower intensity to lower concentrations of pike odor. These results demonstrate that during a single conditioning trial, minnows learn the identity of the predator in a threat-sensitive manner. Minnows use predator odor concentrations that they experience in subsequent interactions to adjust the intensity of their antipredator behavior. 相似文献
945.
Hien V. Dao Lauren A. Maher Lawrence N. Ngeh Stephen W. Bigger John D. Orbell Margaret Healy Rosalind Jessop Peter Dann 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2006,4(2):111-113
A previously reported acute temperature dependency for the effective removal of tarry residue from feather clusters, utilising magnetic particles, has also been demonstrated to occur for the plumage of whole birds, whereby a maximum removal of up to 96% may be achieved. The experimental design allows an approximate equilibrium constant, for the distribution of contaminant between the residue and the magnetic particles, to be estimated at each temperature. This allows the thermodynamics of the process to be examined via application of the van't Hoff equation, suggesting an explanation for the phenomenon. 相似文献
946.
Adam S Davis Douglas A Landis Victoria Nuzzo Bernd Blossey Esther Gerber Hariet L Hinz 《Ecological applications》2006,16(6):2399-2410
Nonindigenous invasive plants pose a major threat to natural communities worldwide. Biological control of weeds via selected introduction of their natural enemies can affect control over large spatial areas but also risk nontarget effects. To maximize effectiveness while minimizing risk, weed biocontrol programs should introduce the minimum number of host-specific natural enemies necessary to control an invasive nonindigenous plant. We used elasticity analysis of a matrix model to help inform biocontrol agent selection for garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara and Grande). The Eurasian biennial A. petiolata is considered one of the most problematic invaders of temperate forests in North America. Four weevil species in the genus Ceutorhynchus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are currently considered potential biocontrol agents. These species attack rosettes (C. scrobicollis), stems (C. roberti, C. alliariae), and seeds (C. constrictus) of A. petiolata. Elasticity analyses using A. petiolata demographic parameters from North America indicated that changes in the rosette-to-flowering-plant transition and changes in fecundity consistently had the greatest impact on population growth rate. These results suggest that attack by the rosette-feeder C. scrobicollis, which reduces overwintering survival, and seed or stem feeders that reduce seed output should be particularly effective. Model outcomes differed greatly as A. petiolata demographic parameters were varied within ranges observed in North America, indicating that successful control of A. petiolata populations may occur under some, but not all, conditions. Using these a priori analyses we predict: (1) rosette mortality and reduction of seed output will be the most important factors determining A. petiolata demography; (2) the root-crown feeder C. scrobicollis will have the most significant impact on A. petiolata demography; (3) releases of single control agents are unlikely to control A. petiolata across its full range of demographic variability; (4) combinations of agents that simultaneously reduce rosette survival and seed production will be required to suppress the most vigorous A. petiolata populations. These predictions can be tested using established long-term monitoring sites coupled with a designed release program. If demographic models can successfully predict biocontrol agent impact on invasive plant populations, a continued dialogue and collaboration between empirical and theoretical approaches may be the key to the development of successful biocontrol tactics for plant invaders in the future. 相似文献
947.
Douglas Yanega 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1990,27(1):37-42
Summary Observations of inter- and intraseasonal dispersal patterns in the primitively social sweat bee Halictus rubicundus in New York reveal considerable philopatry in both sexes. Females overwinter away from the nest aggregation, in diapause for 8–11 months, and return to dig new nests close to the site of their natal nests (typically within 50 cm). Nests are all founded by siggle females (haplometrosis). Clumping of nests may reflect patterns of soil vegetation. Workers rarely enter or take up residence in non-natal nests. Males commonly return to both natal and non-natal nests, and actively patrol vegetation near the natal aggregation for females. These philopatric tendencies, in combination with the haplometrotic mode of nest founding, should have important effects on population structure, particularly in terms of population subdivision, mate choice, and intracolony interactions. The resulting population structure may be conducive to the evolution and maintenance of social behavior. 相似文献
948.
Summary A model based on current knowledge of recruitment of settling juveniles of coral-reef fishes suggests that adult social groups far removed from their nearest neighbors can expect to attract larger numbers of juveniles than groups that are close to nearest neighbors. For protogynous fishes in which females change to males when intragroup, female-to-male sex ratios rise above threshold values, selection should favor individuals occupying groups that attract many juveniles. The model predicts that social groups should, in consequence, be regularly dispersed and that, in effect, groups compete with each other to attract juveniles. Dispersion of social groups was measured in two populations of the protogynous fish Anthias squamipinnis. The location of all groups were plotted on maps of the reef. A set of nearest-neighbor analyses applied to the data all showed significant departures of observed nearest-neighbor distances from randomness, in the direction of regularity. At both sites, neighboring groups were separated by much unoccupied space. In one population, the substrate consisted of discrete coral aggregates scattered over open sand bottom, while in the second population groups occupied a relatively continuous vertical reef face. Although regular dispersion could, in theory, result from regular distribution of food patches, current evidence does not favor this explanation. It is more likely that regular dispersion results either from the reproductive advantage of occupying groups that are highly attractive to juveniles, as seen in the model, or from limited perceptual and locomotor abilities of juveniles at the time of settlement. 相似文献
949.
Christopher?T.?LlewellynEmail author Stefan?H.?Doerr Peter?Douglas Christopher?P.?Morley Kathryn?A.?Mainwaring 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2004,2(1):41-44
The study of compounds associated with soil water repellency usually involves removing organic material from a sample by some extraction procedure. An evaluation of the kinetics and efficiency of Soxhlet extraction using an isopropanol-aqueous ammonia mixture is given here. Increasing extraction time caused an increase in the mass of material extracted and a decrease in soil water repellency. The same compound types were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in all extracts, but their proportions varied with extraction time. In particular, the removal of alkanes from the soil sample was less rapid than that of more polar compounds. 相似文献
950.
Predators exert top-down control of soybean aphid across a gradient of agricultural management systems. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The discovery of soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matusumura, in North America in 2000 provided the opportunity to investigate the relative strength of top-down and bottom-up forces in regulating populations of this new invasive herbivore. At the Kellogg Biological Station Long Term Ecological Research site in agroecology, we contrasted A. glycines establishment and population growth under three agricultural production systems that differed markedly in disturbance and fertility regimes. Agricultural treatments consisted of a conventional-tillage high-input system, a no-tillage high-input system, and a zero-chemical-input system under conventional tillage. By selectively restricting or allowing predator access we simultaneously determined aphid response to top-down and bottom-up influences. Irrespective of predator exclusion, our agricultural manipulations did not result in bottom-up control of A. glycines intrinsic rate of increase or realized population growth. In contrast, we observed strong evidence for top-down control of A. glycines establishment and overall population growth in all production systems. Abundant predators, including Harmonia axyridis, Coccinella septempunctata, Orius insidiosus, and various predaceous fly larvae, significantly reduced A. glycines establishment and population increase in all trials. In contrast to other systems in which bottom-up forces control herbivore populations, we conclude that A. glycines is primarily controlled via top-down influences of generalist predators under a wide range of agricultural management systems. Understanding the role of top-down and bottom-up forces in this context allows agricultural managers to focus on effective strategies for control of this invasive pest. 相似文献