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81.
John S. Rieuwerts Margaret Farago Miroslav Cikrt Vladimir Bencko 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1999,58(3):317-335
Housedusts and garden soils were sampled in 14 houses in the vicinity of a secondary Pb smelter and analysed for concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, As, and Hg. Sixty-one topsoil samples were also taken from a 2 km2 grid covering the smelter grounds and surrounding residential areas and analysed for concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu. Contour maps generated from the grid data indicate significant contamination in the area (maximum Pb concentration 58 500 g g-1), particularly down-wind of the smelter grounds. A geometric mean Pb concentration of 2225 g g-1 was recorded in garden soil and similarly elevated levels were recorded for Zn, Cd, As and Sb. In housedusts, a geometric mean Pb concentration of 1668 g g-1 was observed. Whilst housedust metal concentrations were generally elevated, compared to other urban or residential areas, there appears to be a large degree of attenuation of the metals between the exterior and interior environments of the homes studied. A significant correlation was not recorded between metal concentrations of garden soils and housedusts. There were significant correlations for: distance from the smelter against garden soil metal concentrations; garden soil metal concentrations against each other; housedust metal concentrations against each other; and house age against garden soil metal concentrations. 相似文献
82.
Bowden M Sequiera M Krog JP Gravesen P Diamond D 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2002,4(5):767-771
The application of a phosphorus monitoring device based on microsystems technology (MST) to the analysis of river water is presented. An alternative to the standard molybdenum blue method known as the yellow vanadomolybdophosphoric acid method has been very effectively implemented. The method is simple, a reagent and sample are mixed in a 1:1 ratio forming a yellow complex that absorbs strongly below 400 nm in the UV spectrum. The kinetics of the reaction are rapid and sample turnaround is typically 3 min at room temperature. Therefore a very uncomplicated microfluidic design can be adopted. The working wavelength was chosen as 380 nm to coincide with the peak output of a UV-LED narrow bandwidth light source recently developed by Nichia. The limit of detection for the yellow method in the microfluidic system is 0.2 ppm with a dynamic linear range from 0-50 ppm. The method was applied to a measurement of phosphorus in a local river at specific sampling points along its course. 相似文献
83.
Nkuba Michael Robert Chanda Raban Mmopelwa Gagoitseope Kato Edward Mangheni Margaret N. Lesolle David 《Environmental management》2020,65(4):500-516
Environmental Management - This paper investigates the influence of using indigenous forecasts (IF) and scientific forecasts (SF) on arable farmers’ adaptation methods in the Rwenzori region,... 相似文献
84.
Margaret T. Crichton 《Safety Science》2009,47(3):330-336
This paper addresses the development of training in team-level decision making to lead to improvements in safety and performance. A one-day Workshop was developed around tactical decision games (TDGs) for use by action teams, i.e. involving a team of multi-disciplinary experts, in the oil and gas drilling industry. Three TDGs were conducted to help team members to rehearse how they would respond to potential challenging situations, focusing in particular on team skills, such as decision making, situation awareness and communication. TDGs have previously been presented as a useful training technique to improve decision making and have been introduced in many high hazard industries [Crichton, M., Flin, R., Rattray, W.A., 2000. Training decision makers – tactical decision games. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 8(4), 208–217]. Building on TDGs for individuals, in a team-based TDG, team members discuss the scenario and reach a team-based solution, allowing team members to recognise the potential differing perspectives brought to the solution by team members from different disciplines. Specific team skills aspects raised during the TDG scenario were then generalised to the wider project, and their impact on overall team performance, safety, and effectiveness. Members of a deepwater exploration wells team (n = 30) attended the Workshop and reported that the use of TDGs in the Workshop was valuable in defining and illustrating team skills and their influence on team performance, and helping to prepare better for their forthcoming operations. 相似文献
85.
Sujeeva Setunge Kee Kong Wong Margaret Jollands 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2009,9(5-6):485-494
Annually, sawmills and other wood-processing factories generate a significant amount of scrap materials which are sent to landfills or incinerated. The amount of residue generated in Australia annually is estimated at 200,000 tonnes. A research project conducted at RMIT University explored utilizing these waste materials as particleboard furnish. The research team has now established a methodology for making particleboard in the laboratory using 100% hardwood sawmill residues, developing a particleboard product made in the laboratory which has acceptable mechanical properties and density profiles in accordance with the Australian Standards. However, this board product has some perceived issues which have been hindering ready commercial uptake. The current product requires a 10% higher resin load, has a 10% higher board density, and requires 10% longer pressing times compared to normal softwood particleboard. The paper presents an analysis of the current production process of particleboard to investigate the economic feasibility of particleboard production using hardwood sawmill residues. A major challenge in the analysis is converting the environmental benefit of utilizing large quantities of sawmill residue to a monetary term. Investigation of the global impact of particleboard by considering emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is also included. A comparison is presented between different methods of disposing wood residues to understand the environmental benefit of using hardwood residue in particleboard. 相似文献
86.
Assessing depleted uranium (DU) contamination of soil, plants and earthworms at UK weapons testing sites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oliver IW Graham MC MacKenzie AB Ellam RM Farmer JG 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(7):740-748
Depleted uranium (DU) weapons testing programmes have been conducted at two locations within the UK. An investigation was therefore carried out to assess the extent of any environmental contamination arising from these test programmes using both alpha spectrometry and mass spectrometry techniques. Uranium isotopic signatures indicative of DU contamination were observed in soil, plant and earthworm samples collected in the immediate vicinity of test firing points and targets, but contamination was found to be localised to these areas. This paper demonstrates the superiority of the (235)U : (238)U ratio over the (234)U : (238)U ratio for identifying and quantifying DU contamination in environmental samples, and also describes the respective circumstances under which alpha spectrometry or mass spectrometry may be the more appropriate analytical tool. 相似文献
87.
Peter K. Mueller Margaret Hitchcock 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):677-678
The ultimate aim of toxicological studies is to determine the effects of pollutants on the health and welfare of human beings. To get this it is essential to conduct animal studies to evaluate the potential toxicity of different pollutants. Toxicological appraisal of the photochemical oxidant type of air pollution shows: (1) The effects are primarily on the lungs and the senses. (2) There is impairment of pulmonary function in humans at concentrations found in polluted air. (3) Both ozone and nitrogen dioxide tend to oxidize in animals the lung tissue for a time. This process creates agents which have the potential for cross-linking structural proteins, and this process initiates inflammation which accelerates cell turnover rates. Both crosslinking and cell turnover rates are factors in aging, which may thus be accelerated by years of repeated exposure to oxidants. (4) Long-term exposure to low levels of nitrogen dioxide can produce pre-emphasematous lesions in the lungs of rats and mice. Studies with other species are needed. (5) Ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and dilute irradiated car exhausts increase susceptibility to respiratory infection. The constant search for more sophisticated and sensitive techniques to detect subtle changes indicative of pre-disease conditions should not be relaxed. Such techniques will provide chronic disease predictors of great relevance as air quality criteria. 相似文献
88.
Analysis of a rural water supply project in three communities in Mali: Participation and sustainability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper presents a qualitative assessment of the participatory water management strategies implemented at the community level in rural Mali through a water supply project — The West Africa Water Initiative (WAWI) — coordinated by World Vision International, a non‐governmental and humanitarian organization. Data for the study were generated through a combination of primary and secondary sources in three villages. Results of the study indicate that while community‐based rural water supply is a positive step in responding to the needs of rural Malians, the installation of boreholes with hand pumps informed merely by consultative participatory approaches and limited extension involvement will not necessarily proffer sustainable rural water supply in the region. A “platform” approach to rural water supply management that can mobilize the assets and insights of different social actors to influence decision making at all stages, including the design and choice‐of‐technology stages, in water supply interventions is instead advocated. 相似文献
89.
Margaret E. Slade 《Resources Policy》1980,6(3):223-239
An econometric model of the US copper and aluminium industries is simulated to evaluate the impact that higher energy prices and declining ore quality will have on copper–aluminium substitution and recycling in the USA in the next decade. The unique features of the model described here include the calculation of elasticities of substitution between copper and aluminium from the production functions of the using sectors, the use of statistical (not engineering) cost functions for both the primary and the secondary industries, and the explicit consideration of ore- quality deterioration as primary production progresses. 相似文献
90.
Haith DA Lee PC Clark JM Roy GR Imboden MJ Walden RR 《Journal of environmental quality》2002,31(3):724-729
Pesticide volatilization models are typically based on equilibrium partitioning of the chemical into solid, liquid, and gaseous phases in the soil environment. In turf systems direct vaporization from vegetation surfaces is a more likely source, and it is difficult to apply equilibrium methods to plant material due to the uncertainties of solid-liquid-gas partitioning. An alternative approach is to assume that pesticide volatilization is governed by the same processes that affect water evaporation. A model was developed in which evapotranspiration values, as determined by the Penman equation, were adjusted to chemical vaporization using ratios of water and chemical saturated vapor pressures and latent heats of vaporization. The model also assumes first-order degradation of pesticide on turf vegetation over time. The model was tested by comparisons of predictions with measurements of volatilization for eight pesticides measured during 3 to 7 d in 11 field experiments. Measured volatilization fluxes ranged from 0.1 to 22% of applied chemical. Pesticides were divided into two groups based on saturated vapor pressures and organic C partition coefficients. One pesticide was selected from each group to calibrate the model's volatilization constant for the group, and the remaining pesticides were used for model testing. Testing results indicated that the model provides relatively conservative estimates of pesticide volatilization. Predicted mean losses exceeded observations by 20%, and the model explained 67% of the observed variation in volatilization fluxes. The model was most accurate for those chemicals that exhibited the largest volatilization losses. 相似文献