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451.
452.
Locher-Krause Karla E. Lautenbach Sven Volk Martin 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(8):2477-2493
Regional Environmental Change - The understanding of how ecosystem services are distributed across the landscape and their change over time provides key information to manage multi-functional... 相似文献
453.
Joerg Schaller Martin Mkandawire E. Gert Dudel 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(7):2454-2458
Organic sediments are a main sink for metal pollutants in aquatic systems. However, factors that make sediments a sink of metals and metalloids are still not clear. Consequently, we investigate the role of invertebrate shredders (Gammarus pulex L.) on quality of metal and arsenic fixation into organic partitions of sediment in the course of litter decay with laboratory microcosm experiments. During the decomposition of leaf litter, G. pulex significantly facilitated the development of small particles of organic matter. The capacity of metal fixation was significantly higher in smaller particles than leaf litter and litter residuals. Thus, G. pulex enhanced metal fixation into the organic partition of sediments by virtue of increasing the amount smaller particles in the aquatic system. Furthermore, invertebrates have a significant effect on formation of dissolved organic matter and remobilization of cobalt, molybdenum and cesium, but no significant effect on remobilization of all other measured elements. 相似文献
454.
Chhatra Mani Sharma Bjørn Olav Rosseland Marit Almvik Ole Martin Eklo 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(8-9):2452-2458
Organochlorine pollutants in the major fish species (pike Esox lucius, perch Perca fluviatilis, and roach Rutilus rutilus) of Lake Årungen, Norway, were investigated after an extensive removal of large pike in 2004. The organochlorine pollutants detected in fish liver samples in 2005 were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and heptachlor epoxide (HCE). DDTs were the dominant among all analyzed OCs. ΣPCB and HCB, detected in fish from two clearly distinct trophic levels (prey and predators), give an indication of biomagnification. All OC concentrations in female pike were significantly lower compared to males, which might be due to the removal of high concentrations of pollutants in roe during spawning. 相似文献
455.
Eylon Shamir Thomas L. Thompson Martin M. Karpiscak Robert J. Freitas Jeffrey Zauderer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(2):315-325
ABSTRACT: A free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland was installed at a dairy in Glendale, Arizona, to study the potential of such a wetland to remove nitrogen (N) from wastewater. The study objectives were: (1) to determine N removal from the wastewater, and (2) to evaluate N accumulation in soil and plant tissues. The system consisted of eight cells (70 × 9 × 1.5 m) planted with Typha domingensis, Scirpus validus, and Phragmites australis. The four cells in series were lined with plastic, and the four cells in a parallel series were lined with clay. Cells received approximately 180 m3/d of partially treated dairy effluent. Plant tissues and soil samples were collected above and below ground from 24 locations during one year. Total N removal from wastewater was about 17 percent. Clay‐lined cells accumulated more N in the soil and less N in plant biomass compared with plastic lined cells. Plant biomass accounted for approximately 60 percent of total N accumulated in cells with dense plant communities. Ninety percent of accumulated soil N was organic. Total N accumulated in soil reached a maximum (1,100 mg/kg) eight months after the introduction of wastewater. 相似文献
456.
Marine Elbakidze Kjell Andersson Per Angelstam Glen W. Armstrong Robert Axelsson Frederik Doyon Martin Hermansson Jonas Jacobsson Yurij Pautov 《Ambio》2013,42(2):160-173
This paper analyzes how sustained yield (SY) forestry is defined and implemented in Sweden and Russia, two countries with different forest-industrial regimes. We first compare definitions of SY forestry in national legislation and policies. Then we study forest management planning in two large forest management units with respect to: delivered forest products and values, how the harvest level of timber is defined, where the harvest takes place, and what treatments are used to sustain desired forest products and values. In Sweden SY forestry is maximum yield based on high-input forest management, and in Russia it is forestry based on natural regeneration with minimum investments in silviculture. We conclude that how SY forestry contributes to SFM depends on the context. Finally, we discuss the consequences of SY forestry as performed in Sweden and Russia related to its ability to support diverse forest functions, as envisioned in sustainable forest management policy. 相似文献
457.
Martin Volk Sven Lautenbach Hedwig van Delden Lachlan T. H. Newham Ralf Seppelt 《Environmental management》2010,46(6):834-849
This article analyses the benefits and shortcomings of the recently developed decision support systems (DSS) FLUMAGIS, Elbe-DSS,
CatchMODS, and MedAction. The analysis elaborates on the following aspects: (i) application area/decision problem, (ii) stakeholder
interaction/users involved, (iii) structure of DSS/model structure, (iv) usage of the DSS, and finally (v) most important
shortcomings. On the basis of this analysis, we formulate four criteria that we consider essential for the successful use
of DSS in landscape and river basin management. The criteria relate to (i) system quality, (ii) user support and user training,
(iii) perceived usefulness and (iv) user satisfaction. We can show that the availability of tools and technologies for DSS
in landscape and river basin management is good to excellent. However, our investigations indicate that several problems have
to be tackled. First of all, data availability and homogenisation, uncertainty analysis and uncertainty propagation and problems
with model integration require further attention. Furthermore, the appropriate and methodological stakeholder interaction
and the definition of ‘what end-users really need and want’ have been documented as general shortcomings of all four examples
of DSS. Thus, we propose an iterative development process that enables social learning of the different groups involved in
the development process, because it is easier to design a DSS for a group of stakeholders who actively participate in an iterative
process. We also identify two important lines of further development in DSS: the use of interactive visualization tools and
the methodology of optimization to inform scenario elaboration and evaluate trade-offs among environmental measures and management
alternatives. 相似文献
458.
Evaluating the accuracy of the benefit transfer method: a rural water supply application in the USA.
Due to declining federal, state, and local government budgets, there is an increasing need to analyze the benefits of government funded programs to determine where increasingly limited funds would best be spent. The benefits transfer technique is analyzed for the development of a rural water supply system and guidelines for successful benefits transfer are presented. Benefit transfer appears to provide reasonably accurate estimates of natural resource benefits if a broad based benefit model is used. The benefits-transfer-based estimates are accurate as long as a model based on data from a wide variety of conditions is used or the model is based on data from a very similar region. The wide-based data modeling approach has the greatest practical application. These findings are based upon contingent valuation data obtained from four sites in the western USA. 相似文献
459.
460.
Animal eyes generally fall into two categories: (1) their photoreceptive array is convex, as is typical for camera eyes, including
the human eye, or (2) their photoreceptive array is concave, as is typical for the compound eye of insects. There are a few
rare examples of the latter eye type having secondarily evolved into the former one. When viewed in a phylogenetic framework,
the head morphology of a variety of male scale insects suggests that this group could be one such example. In the Margarodidae
(Hemiptera, Coccoidea), males have been described as having compound eyes, while males of some more derived groups only have
two single-chamber eyes on each side of the head. Those eyes are situated in the place occupied by the compound eye of other
insects. Since male scale insects tend to be rare, little is known about how their visual systems are organized, and what
anatomical traits are associated with this evolutionary transition. In adult male Margarodidae, one single-chamber eye (stemmateran
ocellus) is present in addition to a compound eye-like region. Our histological investigation reveals that the stemmateran
ocellus has an extended retina which is formed by concrete clusters of receptor cells that connect to its own first-order
neuropil. In addition, we find that the ommatidia of the compound eyes also share several anatomical characteristics with
simple camera eyes. These include shallow units with extended retinas, each of which is connected by its own small nerve to
the lamina. These anatomical changes suggest that the margarodid compound eye represents a transitional form to the giant
unicornal eyes that have been described in more derived species. 相似文献