模拟不同排放源排放颗粒及多环芳烃的粒径分布研究

采用再悬浮箱模拟得到不同粒径的烹调油烟、生物质和塑料燃烧烟尘、汽车尾气和发电机烟气等颗粒,并用GC/MS对不同粒径颗粒中18种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,烹调油烟中颗粒物存在0.44~1.0μm和2.5~10μm两个峰值,稻草和木材燃烧排放烟尘只有0.44~1.0μm一个峰值,塑料燃烧排放烟尘的峰值不明显,汽车尾气尘因含有大量的水汽导致其粒径峰值出现在2.5~10μm,而发电机排放的烟尘约93%集中在≤2.5μm的粒径范围.烹调油烟和汽车尾气尘中低环数PAHs在2.5~10μm范围内的峰值明显;随环数增加,0.44~1.0μm范围内的峰值变得明显;不同排放源亚微米颗粒中单一PAH占全部颗粒态中该PAH的比例都呈现随分子量的增大而增大的趋势.烹调油烟和燃烧排放颗粒中PAHs的组成以菲占主导,但汽车尾气和发电机烟尘中含量最高的PAHs分别是萘和苯并[g,h,i]苝.来源特征比值的比较显示,烹调油烟与生物质燃烧颗粒中PAHs的源特征较为接近,但两者都不同于汽车尾气和发电机烟尘.     

南京北郊大气VOCs变化特征及来源解析

利用2011-03-01~2012-02-29南京北郊大气VOCs观测资料,对大气VOCs浓度变化特征和特征物比值差异展开研究,并应用PCA/APCS受体模型对不同季节VOCs来源进行了解析.结果表明,南京大气总VOCs体积混合比为43.52×10-9,其中烷烃占45.1%、烯烃占25.3%、炔烃占7.3%和芳香烃占22.3%.总VOCs体积混合比呈现夏季高,冬季低的季节变化.VOCs组分中烷烃在冬季最高,烯烃夏季最高,芳香烃春季最高,炔烃冬季最高.特征物比值(VOCs/乙炔)和T/B比值反映出观测点受周边工业区影响较大.VOCs源解析表明,主要来源来自工厂生产、机动车排放、燃料燃烧、生产活动挥发、溶剂使用和自然源.虽然有季节变化,但与工业生产活动相关的来源占大气VOCs 45%~63%,其次为机动车来源占34%~50%.     

中山市农业区域土壤-农产品中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染特征

在广东省中山市农业区域范围内共采集了65个表层土样和37个农产品样品,采用GC-FID检测方法分析了土壤和农产品样品中被美国环境保护署(EPA)优先控制的6种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)化合物含量,并对其污染水平、污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,中山市农业土壤样品中6种PAEs化合物总浓度(ΣPAEs)范围为0.14~1.14 mg·kg-1,平均含量为0.43mg·kg-1,检出率为100%.不同土地利用类型中土壤的ΣPAEs含量大小顺序依次为菜地果园地稻田.与美国土壤6种优控的PAEs控制标准相比,邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)含量超过控制标准,超标率分别为93.85%和27.69%,其余4种优控PAEs化合物的含量均低于美国标准.总体上,中山市农业土壤中ΣPAEs含量处于较低水平.中山市农产品中ΣPAEs含量范围为0.15~3.15 mg·kg-1,平均含量1.12 mg·kg-1,蔬菜中ΣPAEs的含量高于水稻和水果.农产品中PAEs含量低于美国和欧洲食品建议指标,健康风险很小.DBP和DEHP在土壤、农产品中占ΣPAEs的百分比和检出率均较高,是中山市PAEs污染物的主要组成部分.不同种类农产品-土壤中的ΣPAEs、DBP存在显著正相关,其中蔬菜-菜田土壤的Pearson相关系数(r)分别为0.81(P=0.000)、0.75(P=0.000),水稻-稻田土壤中二者的r分别为0.74(P=0.036)、0.65(P=0.041),水果-果园土壤中相关系数分别为0.66(P=0.029)、0.78(P=0.045).不同农产品对土壤中6种PAEs化合物的累积能力存在明显差异,但对ΣPAEs总量的富集系数均大于1.因此,在农业区域土壤质量评价过程中,应重视农产品自身特性对PAEs吸收和累积的影响.     

2008年北京奥运会对中国旅游业的影响

从会展旅游的基本概念入手,在具体阐述北京奥运会对我国旅游发展的影响的基础上,分析了实现北京奥运旅游大发展的欠缺之处,并在可持续发展理论的指导下,提出了实现北京奥运会对中国旅游业起积极推动作用的具体对策和方法。     

从分子质量的变化分析有机物对GAC吸附内分泌干扰物(BPA)的影响

从分子质量分布的角度研究了水中有机物对颗粒活性炭(GAC)吸附双酚A(BPA)容量及吸附速率的影响.结果表明,相对于以去离子水为本底的BPA溶液来说,GAC吸附以滤后水、臭氧后出水和原水为本底的BPA溶液的Langmuir模型的最大吸附容量q_m值分别下降了29.95%、43.56%和44.44%,而其拟二级动力学模型的k₂值分别下降了43.05%、49.75%和56.38%.相对分子质量3 000以上,尤其是10 000以上的有机物堵塞GAC的二级微孔;3 000以下,尤其是1 000以下的有机物与BPA分子之间存在直接的竞争吸附,是导致GAC对BPA的吸附容量以及吸附速率下降的主要原因.     

A study on cometabolic bioventing for the in situ remediation of trichloroethylene

Cometabolic bioventing for removal of TCE in the unsaturated zone was studied in a soil column study using methane as growth substrate. A numerical model was developed for simulating the behavior of TCE during cometabolic bioventing. The model parameters were estimated independently through laboratory batch experiments or from the literature. Simulations were found to provide reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The experimental data show that a total TCE remediation efficiency of over 95% was obtained. The volatilization-to-biodegradation ratio of TCE was about 7:1 and T _c values ranging from 0.0078 to 0.07 were obtained in this methane-driven system. Due to the toxicity of the high TCE concentrations to the microbial biomass in the initial stages of the experiment, cometabolic biodegradation was enhanced and was more efficient in the later stages of cometabolic bioventing.     

贸易协定对我国污染排放的影响后评价模型初步研究

当今世界全球化推进到一个新的阶段,全球双边/区域贸易协定的数量呈现不断上升的趋势,而贸易自由化在促进经济扩张的同时,也导致资源的大量消耗和污染排放。因此需要建立有关环境影响评价机制,及时跟踪反馈,有针对性地引导中国出口方向的转变和进口水平的提升,为落实后续的监督管理,以及我国在贸易协定谈判或协定升级谈判中处理贸易与环境问题提供决策建议。在国内外已普遍开展贸易协定环境影响预评价并忽略后评价的背景下,本文选取工业行业大气污染排放作为指标,通过整合现有的贸易协定对经济影响测算的因素剥离方法以及经济对环境影响测算的环境投入产出分析方法,初步构建贸易协定对我国工业污染排放的影响后评价模型。建议下一步:建立贸易协定环境影响评价制度,定期开展评估;积极跟踪并参与国际贸易谈判,适时向商务部门提出打造绿色贸易的建议;加强环境与贸易领域能力建设,提升我国应对环境与贸易问题的能力。     

Monitoring seasonal distribution of an endangered anadromous sturgeon in a large river using environmental DNA

Monitoring dynamic distribution is crucial to conservation management of anadromous sturgeons, but traditional survey methods are less efficient for low-density populations in a large river. Natural propagation of Chinese sturgeon has been monitored annually mainly at the spawning ground using netting for eggs and hydroacoustics for broodstock. However, absence of spawning was observed sporadically in recent years, indicating further crises for the declining population. We analyzed eDNA of water samples collected from 24 sites across 1360 km of the migratory route of anadromous Chinese sturgeon in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Chinese sturgeon was detected at 9 sites during the spawning season and 14 sites after the spawning season. We found that positive eDNA detection rates remained constant in the middle reaches but dramatically changed in the lower reaches, reflecting seasonal migration pattern of Chinese sturgeon. Invasive sturgeons were detected in the river, indicating their possible escape from aquaculture facilities. This study established a protocol for the use of eDNA to monitor distribution of Chinese sturgeon and could be valuable in making better policies for the conservation of this endangered species.     

公务员录用分配方案探讨

针对现行公务员录用分配制度存在的问题，通过细致的分析，探讨关于公务员录用分配的最佳策略．决策过程中以应聘者能力与各部门要求的偏差为标准，建立模型，且考虑所有应聘者的意愿时，分三种情况进行讨论：都服从志愿调配；都不服从志愿调配；既有服从调配的、又有不服从志愿调配的，使模型更接近实际情况．