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301.
Jia Wen Mike J. McLaughlin Samuel P. Stacey Jason K. Kirby 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(21):21327-21335
The availability of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) to sunflower (Helianthus annuus) was investigated in rhamnolipid- and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-buffered solutions in order to evaluate the influence of aqueous speciation of the metals on their uptake by the plant, in relation to predictions of uptake by the free ion activity model (FIAM). Free metal ion activity was estimated using the chemical equilibrium program MINTEQ or measured by Donnan dialysis. The uptake of Cd followed the FIAM for the EDTA-buffered solution at EDTA concentrations below 0.4 μM; for the rhamnolipid-buffered solution, the uptake of both metals in roots was not markedly affected by increasing rhamnolipid concentrations in solution. This suggests rhamnolipid enhanced metal accumulation in plant roots (per unit free metal in solution) possibly through formation and uptake of lipophilic complexes. The addition of normal Ca concentrations (low millimetre range) to the rhamnolipid uptake solutions reduced Cd accumulation in shoots by inhibiting Cd translocation, whereas it significantly increased Zn accumulation in shoots. This study confirms that although rhamnolipid could enhance accumulation of Cd in plants roots at low Ca supply, it is not suitable for Cd phytoextraction in contaminated soil environments where Ca concentrations in soil solution are orders of magnitude greater than those of Cd. 相似文献
302.
303.
Mike Hutchins Carlo Fezzi Ian Bateman Paulette Posen Amelie Deflandre-Vlandas 《Environmental management》2009,44(2):256-267
A case study of the Yorkshire Derwent (UK) catchment is used to illustrate an integrated approach for assessing the viability
of policy options for reducing diffuse nitrate losses to waterbodies. For a range of options, modeling methods for simulating
river nitrate levels are combined with techniques for estimating the economic costs to agriculture of modifying those levels.
By incorporating spatially explicit data and information on catchment residence times (which may span many decades particularly
in areas of groundwater discharge) a method is developed for efficient spatial targeting of measures, for example, to the
most at-risk freshwater environments. Combining hydrological and economic findings, the analysis reveals that, in terms of
cost-effectiveness, the ranking of options is highly sensitive to both (i) whether or not specific stretches of river within
a catchment are regarded as a priority for protection, and (ii) the criterion of nitrate concentration deemed most appropriate
as an indicator of the health of the environment. Therefore, given the focus under European legislation upon ecological status
of freshwaters, these conclusions highlight the need to improve understanding of mechanistic linkages between the chemical
and biological dynamics of aquatic systems. 相似文献
304.
Mike A. Males Author vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(6):443-448
Problem
U.S. teenaged and young-adult drivers' elevated rates of fatal traffic crash involvement typically are attributed to biological and developmental risk-taking associated with young age. However, young drivers differ from older ones along several sociodemographic dimensions, including higher poverty rates and greater concentration in poorer areas, which may contribute to their risks.Method
Using Fatality Analysis Reporting System, Census, and Federal Highway Administration data for 1994-2007, bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted of fatal motor-vehicle crash involvements per 100 million miles driven by driver age (16 through 74) and state along with 14 driver-, vehicle-, and state-level variables.Results
Driver age was not a significant predictor of fatal crash risk once several factors associated with high poverty status (more occupants per vehicle, smaller vehicle size, older vehicle age, lower state per-capita income, lower state population density, more motor-vehicle driving, and lower education levels) were controlled. These risk factors were significantly associated with each other and with higher crash involvement among adult drivers as well.Summary and Discussion
The strong association between fatal crash risk and environments of poverty as operationalized by substandard vehicle and driving conditions suggests a major overlooked traffic safety factor particularly affecting young drivers. 相似文献305.