10kV环网柜二次控制回路数字化控制器的设计

传统10kV环网柜的二次控制回路由接触器、继电器等模拟电路组合而成,因银川地区风沙、凝露、灰尘等因素使得传统10kV环网柜二次控制回路故障率高、维修频繁,导致配电自动化“三遥”指标低。为解决环境因素造成的“三遥”指标低的问题,提出了利用数字信号处理器(DSP)替代传统模拟控制回路中的大部分逻辑电路,利用无触点功率半导体电力开关替代接触器功能的数字化控制器方案。从数字化控制器外接线设计及技术原理,控制器硬件电路设计以及软件设计三个方面对方案进行详细介绍。通过研制样机和现场运行验证了方案的正确性与可行性,彻底解决了10 kV环网柜二次控制回路故障率高的问题,有效提升配电自动化“三遥”指标。     

Characterization of value-added chemicals derived from the thermal hydrolysis and wet oxidation of sewage sludge

• Hydrothermal treatment can greatly improve resource recovery from sewage sludge. • tCOD removal during WO was ~55% compared with ~23% after TH. • TOC solubilization during hydrothermal treatment followed first-order kinetics. • Solids and carbon balance confirmed loss of organics during thermal hydrolysis. • Reaction pathways for thermal hydrolysis and wet oxidation are proposed. We evaluated the effect of hydrothermal pretreatments, i.e., thermal hydrolysis (TH) and wet oxidation (WO) on sewage sludge to promote resource recovery. The hydrothermal processes were performed under mild temperature conditions (140°C–180°C) in a high pressure reactor. The reaction in acidic environment (pH= 3.3) suppressed the formation of the color imparting undesirable Maillard’s compounds. The oxidative conditions resulted in higher volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction (~90%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (~55%) whereas TH caused VSS and COD removals of ~65% and ~27%, respectively at a temperature of 180°C. During TH, the concentrations of carbohydrates and proteins in treated sludge were 400–1000 mg/L and 1500–2500 mg/L, respectively. Whereas, WO resulted in solids solubilization followed by oxidative degradation of organics into smaller molecular weight carboxylic acids such as acetic acid (~400–500 mg/L). Based on sludge transformation products generated during the hydrothermal pretreatments, simplified reaction pathways are predicted. Finally, the application of macromolecules (such as proteins), VFAs and nutrients present in the treated sludge are also discussed. The future study should focus on the development of economic recovery methods for various value-added compounds.     

Analysis of essential,toxic, rare earth,and noble elements in maternal and umbilical cord blood

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Progressive industrialization in recent decades has contributed to the increase of metal levels in the environment, which has a dangerous impact on...