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41.
ABSTRACTThis paper assesses the evolution of generation technology-mix in Australia, with specific emphasis on understanding how such evolution has been shaped by wider political and socio-economic influences. This assessment is predicated on the argument that the contemporary, quintessentially techno-economic, policy discourse on renewable energy is deficient, as it ignores climacteric political and socio-economic influences on generation technology-mix. The methodological framework employed in this paper is informed by the core tenets of technological change theory. The assessment suggests that generation technology-mix in Australia has historically been overwhelmingly influenced by the underlying technological paradigm of the electricity industry; and that this technological paradigm essentially draws its imprimatur from the wider political and socio-economic contexts. By implication, it suggests that a rapid uptake of renewables will have widespread ramifications, extending into political, socio-economic and cultural realms of a society. Clearly, existing policy discourse – that tends to focus on technical potentials, cost competitiveness, externalities and risks of various renewable technologies – is deficient. A much broader discourse is needed. This paper also made an attempt to develop a basis for such a discourse by reviewing broader aspects of the Australian society that would be affected by a rapid uptake of renewables. 相似文献
42.
43.
Athar Habib-ur-Rehman Ambreen Sarah Javed Muhammad Hina Mehwish Rasul Sumaira Zafar Zafar Ullah Manzoor Hamid Ogbaga Chukwuma C. Afzal Muhammad Al-Qurainy Fahad Ashraf Muhammad 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(18):18320-18331
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Maize tolerance potential to oil pollution was assessed by growing Zea mays in soil contaminated with varying levels of crude oil (0, 2.5 and... 相似文献
44.
Mustafa Ali Wenping Wang Nawaz Chaudhry 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2016,66(10):1012-1018
This study was meant to determine environmental aspects of hospital waste management scenarios using a life cycle analysis approach. The survey for this study was conducted at the largest hospital in a major city of Pakistan. The hospital was thoroughly analyzed from November 2014 to January 2015 to quantify its wastes by category. The functional unit of the study was selected as 1 tonne of disposable solid hospital waste. System boundaries included transportation of hospital solid waste and its treatment and disposal by landfilling, incineration, composting, and material recycling methods. These methods were evaluated based on their greenhouse gas emissions. Landfilling and incineration turned out to be the worst final disposal alternatives, whereas composting and material recovery displayed savings in emissions. An integrated system (composting, incineration, and material recycling) was found as the best solution among the evaluated scenarios. This study can be used by policymakers for the formulation of an integrated hospital waste management plan.
Implications: This study deals with environmental aspects of hospital waste management scenarios. It is an increasing area of concern in many developing and resource-constrained countries of the world. The life cycle analysis (LCA) approach is a useful tool for estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from different waste management activities. There is a shortage of information in existing literature regarding LCA of hospital wastes. To the best knowledge of the authors this work is the first attempt at quantifying the environmental footprint of hospital waste in Pakistan. 相似文献
45.
Ishaq Ahmad Mian Muhammad Riaz Malcolm S. Cresser 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(4):1287-1293
The physico-chemical absorption characteristics of ammonium-N for 10 soils from 5 profiles in York, UK, show its high potential mobility in N deposition-impacted, unfertilized, permanent grassland soils. Substantial proportions of ammonium-N inputs were retained in the solution phase, indicating that ammonium translocation plays an important role in the N cycling in, and losses from, such soils. This conclusion was further supported by measuring the ammonium-N leaching from intact plant/soil microcosms. The ammonium-N absorption characteristics apparently varied with soil pH, depth and soil texture. It was concluded for the most acid soils especially that ammonium-N leached from litter horizons could be seriously limiting the capacity of underlying soils to retain ammonium. Contrary to common opinion, more attention therefore needs to be paid to ammonium leaching and its potential role in biogeochemical N cycling in semi-natural soil systems subject to atmospheric pollution. 相似文献
46.
Tim S. Nawrot Nino Kuenzli Jordi Sunyer Tingming Shi Teresa Moreno Mar Viana Joachim Heinrich Bertil Forsberg Frank J. Kelly Muhammad Sughis Benoit Nemery Paul Borm 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(30):4595-4602
We assessed the extent to which constituents of PM2.5 (transition metals, sodium, chloride) contribute to the ability to generate hydroxyl radicals (OH) in vitro in PM2.5 sampled at 20 locations in 19 European centres participating in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. PM2.5 samples (n = 716) were collected on filters over one year and the oxidative activity of particle suspensions obtained from these filters was then assessed by measuring their ability to generate OH in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Associations between OH formation and the studied PM constituents were heterogeneous. The total explained variance ranged from 85% in Norwich to only 6% in Albacete. Among the 20 centres, 15 showed positive correlations between one or more of the measured transition metals (copper, iron, manganese, lead, vanadium and titanium) and OH formation. In 9 of 20 centres OH formation was negatively associated with chloride, and in 3 centres with sodium. Across 19 European cities, elements which explained the largest variations in OH formation were chloride, iron and sodium. 相似文献
47.
The impact of municipal solid waste treatment methods on greenhouse gas emissions in Lahore, Pakistan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The contribution of existing municipal solid waste management to emission of greenhouse gases and the alternative scenarios to reduce emissions were analyzed for Data Ganj Bukhsh Town (DGBT) in Lahore, Pakistan using the life cycle assessment methodology. DGBT has a population of 1,624,169 people living in 232,024 dwellings. Total waste generated is 500,000 tons per year with an average per capita rate of 0.84kg per day. Alternative scenarios were developed and evaluated according to the environmental, economic, and social atmosphere of the study area. Solid waste management options considered include the collection and transportation of waste, collection of recyclables with single and mixed material bank container systems (SMBCS, MMBCS), material recovery facilities (MRF), composting, biogasification and landfilling. A life cycle inventory (LCI) of the six scenarios along with the baseline scenario was completed; this helped to quantify the CO2 equivalents, emitted and avoided, for energy consumption, production, fuel consumption, and methane (CH4) emissions. LCI results showed that the contribution of the baseline scenario to the global warming potential as CO2 equivalents was a maximum of 838,116 tons. The sixth scenario had a maximum reduction of GHG emissions in terms of CO2 equivalents of -33,773 tons, but the most workable scenario for the current situation in the study area is scenario 5. It saves 25% in CO2 equivalents compared to the baseline scenario. 相似文献
48.
Nabil Semmar Maurice Jay Muhammad Farman Maurice Roux 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(1):17-33
The quantitative assessment of plant diversity and its monitoring with time represent a key environmental issue for management
and conservation of natural resources. Assessment of plant diversity could be based on chemical analyses of secondary metabolites
(e.g. flavonoids, terpenoids), because of the substantial quantitative and qualitative between-individual variability in such
compounds. At a geographical scale, the plant populations become widely dispersed, and their monitoring from numerous routine
individual analyses could become restricting. To overcome such constraint, this study develops a multivariate calibration
model giving the relative frequency of a particular taxon from a simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis
of a plant mixture. The model was built from a complete set of mixtures combining different taxons, according to an experimental
design (Scheffé’s matrix). For each mixture, a reference HPLC pattern was simulated by averaging the individual HPLC profiles
of the constitutive taxons. The calibration models, based on Bayesian discriminant analysis (BDA), gave statistical relationships
between the contributions of each taxon in mixtures and reference HPLC patterns of these mixtures. Finally, these models were
validated on new mixtures by using outside plants. This new biodiversity survey approach is illustrated on four chemical taxons
(four chemotypes) of Astragalus caprinus (Fabaceae). The more differentiated the taxon, the better predicted its contributions (in mixtures) were by BDA calibration
model. This new approach could be very useful for a global routine survey of plant diversity. 相似文献
49.
Abdul Jabbar Waheed Arshed Arshad Saleem Bhatti Syed Salman Ahmad Perveen Akhter Saeed -Ur -Rehman Muhammad Iftikhar Anjum 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,169(1-4):429-438
Rechna interfluvial region is one of the main regions of Punjab, Pakistan. It is the area which is lying between River Ravi and River Chenab, alluvial-filled. Radioactivity levels in soil samples, collected from southern Rechna interfluvial region, Pakistan, have been estimated by using gamma-ray spectrometric technique. 226Ra, 232Th, the primordial radionuclide 40K, and the artificial radionuclide 137Cs have been measured in the soil of the study area. The mean radioactivity levels of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs were found to be 50.6 ± 1.7, 62.3 ± 3.2, 662.2 ± 32.1, and 3.1 ± 0.3 Bq kg???1, respectively. The mean radium equivalent activity (Raeq), outdoor radiation hazard index (H out), indoor radiation hazard index (H in), and terrestrial absorbed dose rate for the area under study were determined as 190.8 ± 8.7 Bq kg???1, 0.52, 0.65, and 69.8 nGy h???1, respectively. The annual effective dose to the general public was found to be 0.43 mSv. This value lies well below the limit of 1 mSv for general public as recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The measured values are comparable with other global radioactivity measurements and are found to be safe for the public and the environment. 相似文献
50.
Shams Ali Baig Zimo Lou Muzaffar Ali Baig Muhammad Qasim Dilawar Farhan Shams Qaisar Mahmood Xinhua Xu 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2017,189(4):194
Corrosion deposits formed within drinking water distribution systems deteriorate drinking water quality and resultantly cause public health consequences. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the concurrent conditions of corrosion scales and the drinking water quality in selected water supply schemes (WSS) in districts Chitral, Peshawar, and Abbottabad, northern Pakistan. Characterization analyses of the corrosion by-products revealed the presence of α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, Fe3O4, and SiO2 as major constituents with different proportions. The constituents of all the representative XRD peaks of Peshawar WSS were found insignificant as compared to other WSS, and the reason could be the variation of source water quality. Well-crystallized particles in SEM images indicated the formation of dense oxide layer on corrosion by-products. A wider asymmetric vibration peak of SiO2 appeared only in Chitral and Abbottabad WSS, which demonstrated higher siltation in the water source. One-way ANOVA analysis showed significant variations in pH, turbidity, TDS, K, Mg, PO4, Cl, and SO4 values, which revealed that these parameters differently contributed to the source water quality. Findings from this study suggested the implementation of proper corrosion prevention measures and the establishment of international collaboration for best corrosion practices, expertise, and developing standards. 相似文献