Characterization of the extracellular biodemulsifiers secreted by Bacillus cereus LH-6 and the enhancement of demulsifying efficiency by optimizing the cultivation conditions

A highly efficient demulsifying strain, LH-6, was isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil and identified as Bacillus cereus by 16S rDNA gene analysis. It achieved 95.61 and 95.40 % demulsifying ratios within 12 h for water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) model emulsions, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) detections indicated that the LH-6’s extracellular biodemulsifiers were different types of lipopeptides for the W/O and O/W emulsions. Optimization of the culture medium composition was conducted to improve the biosynthesis and demulsifying efficiency of the biodemulsifier. The optimal carbon source was liquid paraffin, while waste frying oil could also be an alternative carbon source. The optimal nitrogen sources were ammonium sulfate and yeast extract. To further enhance the biodemulsifier efficiency, the optimal cultivation conditions were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotation design (CCRD). Using the optimized cultivation conditions, the demulsifying ratios increased to 98.23 and 97.65 % for the W/O and O/W model emulsions, respectively.     

The influences of pH and ionic strength on the sorption of tylosin on goethite

As one of the widely used antibiotics in the world, the environmental risks of tylosin (TYL) received more and more attention. In order to assess its environmental fate and ecological effects accurately, it is necessary to understand the sorption properties of TYL on the soils/sediments. The sorption of TYL on goethite at different pH and ionic strength conditions were measured through a series of batch experiments and the sorption data of TYL were fitted by Freundlich and dual-mode sorption models. It was obvious that sorption was strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength. Sorption capacity of TYL increased as the pH increased and ionic strength decreased. The pH and ionic strength-dependent trends might be related with complexation between cationic/neutral TYL species and goethite. The sorption affinity of TYL on goethite decreased as ionic strength increased, which only occurred at higher TYL concentrations, suggested that inner complex might have dominated process at low concentrations and outer complex might occur at higher concentrations of TYL. Spectroscopic evidence indicated that tricarbonylamide and hydroxyl functional groups of TYL might be accounted for the sorption on mineral surfaces. The experimental data of TYL sorption could be fitted by surface complexation model (FITEQL), indicating that ≡FeOH with TYL interaction could be reasonably represented as a complex formation of a monoacid with discrete sites on goethite. The sorption mechanism of TYL might be related with surface complexation, electrostatic repulsion, and H-bounding on goethite. It should be noticed that the heterogeneous of sorption affinity of TYL on goethite at various environment to assess its environment risk.     

钱塘江引水降氮示范工程的构建和运行研究

针对杭州西湖钱塘江引水低碳高氮的特点,提出以改性水草塘—复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)相耦合的生物—生态工艺进行引水处理,对该引水降氮示范工程的构建和运行效果进行了跟踪研究。结果表明,整个稳定运行期间(2012年7月19日至11月19日),耦合工艺对COD、TN、硝酸盐氮、TP的平均去除率分别为52.27%、52.49%、53.69%、52.79%,系统出水满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅳ标准;改性水草塘和IVCW单元作为耦合工艺的两个重要组成部分,在脱氮、除磷方面优势互补,从而共同保证出水水质的稳定;在改性水草塘单元,温度与COD的去除效果呈负相关关系,进水C/N与TN去除效果呈正相关关系;而在IVCW单元,温度与COD、TN的去除效果均呈线性正相关关系,进水C/N与两者的去除效果也呈正相关关系,且对COD的影响要大于对TN的影响。     

半干法烟道气脱硫影响因素的理论分析

建立了半干法烟气脱硫的理论模型,分析了各种影响因素,以反应时间和液滴干燥时间为基础数据,优化出液滴在脱硫干燥塔内的停留时间,由停留时间确定脱硫塔高度,由处理的烟气流量确定塔径.     

低空分层降水和云水同步釆集系统的开发和应用

笔者自行开发并研制了低空(＜1 km)分层降水和云水采集系统,该系统成功地应用于福建省厦门市和贵州省贵阳市酸性降水来源和成因的研究中,取得了显著的成果,为探讨酸性降水来源和成因提供了有效的技术手段和支持。该系统可以在一定程度上代替航空测量,目前国内外的类似研究中没有使用该系统进行样品采集的先例,因此该系统的开发填补了国内外相关研究领域的空白。      

超临界二氧化碳流体萃取土壤中有机污染物的研究进展

就近年来人们利用超临界二氧化碳流体对有机污染物污染的土壤所做的研究工作以及所取得的成果进行了总结。     

油松毛虫感染白僵菌后体内蛋白质、酯酶和多酚氧化酶的变化

采用分光光度法测定了油松毛虫(Dendrolimus tabulaeformisTsai et Liu)3~5龄幼虫被病原物白僵菌(Beau-veria bassiana)感染后,其体内蛋白质的含量和多酚氧化酶活性的变化;结果表明,被白僵菌感染后1~8d,虫体内蛋白质含量持续下降,而未感染的则变化不大;多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性呈现出先升高后下降的趋势.利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,分析了染菌后1~7d幼虫体内酯酶同工酶的变化;结果显示,染菌后的3、4龄幼虫体内酯酶同工酶酶谱与对照相比,酶带数量变化较大,未染菌的为3条酶带,感染病菌后变为1条和2条.与其相比,5龄幼虫染菌后酯酶同工酶的酶带数量没有变化,只是酯酶的活性及含量比对照有明显减弱趋势.图2表5参16     

城市人居环境评价体系的研究及应用

在国内外人居环境理论研究及实践的基础上,提出了由系统层、子系统层和指标层构成的城市人居环境评价指标体系,其中系统层由社会经济环境、自然生态环境、公共设施建设、环境资源保护和环境管理能力五部分组成,子系统层由16个指标组成,指标层由43个具体指标组成。利用统计分析法(Delphi)确定各指标的权值。同时,针对本指标体系结构提出了单项评价和综合评价相结合的评价模式,并设置了城市人居环境质量指数和系统协调度两个综合性指标来全面评价城市人居环境质量。通过对重庆市渝北城区的综合评价,评价结果较客观地反映了该城区的实际。     

工业居民混合区降尘含量的灰色GM(1,1)预测

本文采有灰色理论中的预测方法,以９０—９４年度的降尘监测数据为基础,建立了邯郸市工业居民混合区降尘含量的ＧＭ（１,１）预测模型,其数学表达式为：＾Ｘ（１）（ｋ＋１）＝５６０２９ｅ００５６４１２ｋ－５３０８３,经三种方法对模型精度检验,由模式计算的预测值与历年的实测值的平均相对误差仅为－０００８％,关联度系数γ＝０９０５,后验差比值Ｃ＝００３,模型精度为一级,经与９５年度预测值与实测值对比验证,误差２７４％,说明本模型能真实地反映该区降尘的发展变化规律,预测数据可作为制定该区降尘防治规划的依据。     

大件废物管理浅析

随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的改善,产品的更新换代速度也加快了,从而导致我国大件废物的产量逐年上升。本文简要概述了国内外大件废物管理的现状,通过比较发现我国大件废物管理方面存在的问题,并提出相应的对策和建议。