基于农户层次的陕北黄土丘陵区农业生态经济系统耦合关系研究

农业生态经济系统耦合是一个复杂的过程,是潜变量与潜变量、潜变量与可测变量及可测变量之间相互作用的结果,结构方程模型的建立很好地描述了这一复杂关系。通过对吴起县、安塞县和宝塔区共建的中尺度生态农业建设试验示范区、米脂县等3个典型区域所代表的黄土丘陵区及其各个区域农业生态经济系统结构方程模型的建立与运算,结果表明:在"退耕还林还草工程"等外力作用下,农业生态经济系统运行模式基本揭示了农业产业与农业资源相互耦合这一本质规律,但现状耦合模式并未充分利用农业资源,系统耦合效果较低。农业产业与农业资源对系统耦合的影响系数分别为0.54和0.16,农业产业和农业资源之间的相关系数只有0.28,即农业资源没有很好地支撑产业的发展,导致农业生态经济系统耦合效果不明显,存在着局部相悖的态势,潜伏了林草资源与其相关产业链网缺失现象。为此,需要强化农业产业与农业资源的互动过程,特别要发展林草及其相关产业,促进林草资源的有效利用,促使系统耦合效果的不断提高,增加经济效益。     

Granulation of filamentous microorganisms in a sequencing batch reactor with saline wastewater

Proliferation of filamentous microorganisms frequently leads to operational failure for activate sludge systems. In this study, it was found that filamentous microorganisms could grow in compact granular structure with 5% sodium chloride in the substrate. In the early period of experiment, coccoid and rode-like bacteria predominated in the yellowish-brown granules, and later the white and the black granules were developed by filamentous microorganisms. The filamentous granules exhibited low porosity and fas...     

原生颗粒污泥单级自养脱氮工艺处理污泥压滤液的研究

在长期运行的处理污泥压滤液的气提亚硝化反应器中发现了单级自养脱氮反应,并形成了具有自养脱氮性能的原生颗粒污泥.以原生颗粒污泥启动并运行了单级自养脱氮反应器,对污泥压滤液进行脱氮处理取得了良好效果.进水总氮浓度为350 mg.L-1左右时,总氮平均去除率为74.81%,最高达86.92%,总氮平均去除负荷(以N计,下同)为0.68 kg.(m3.d)-1,最高达0.90 kg.(m3.d)-1.投加粉末活性炭后单级自养脱氮反应得到强化,运行稳定性得到提高.进水基质浓度、氮负荷及曝气量对自养脱氮反应影响较大.污泥压滤液中的有机物、pH值和碱度对单级自养脱氮反应影响较小.曝气量/ΔTN、曝气量/ΔNH4+-N及ΔALK/ΔTN比值可作为单级自养脱氮反应重要的运行指标.     

油气长输管道施工企业清洁生产研究

清洁生产在油气长输管道施工领域涉及较少,观念和方法还未完全推广。油气长输管道施工企业与传统生产型企业有许多不同之处,以某企业清洁生产审核为例,就如何通过清洁生产审核挖掘清洁生产潜力来做探索性、建议性的研究。实践证明,该企业清洁生产机会的突破口为柴油消耗,通过柴油消耗平衡图的建立和重点耗油设备运行状况的调查,找到了降低柴油消耗的清洁生产方案,使企业达到了“节能、降耗、减污、增效”的目的。     

炼油行业泄漏检测与修复技术实践研究

炼油行业排放的大气污染物主要是挥发性有机物,是形成二次污染物的重要前体物,也是引发大气环境问题的重要污染物.以天津某炼油企业泄漏检测与修复技术的工作实践为例,结合炼油行业生产装置的工艺特点,介绍在该行业开展泄漏检测与修复技术时的工作流程,包括设备和管线组件密封点位的建档、检测、泄漏点位的修复、复测以及泄漏量核算方法,对炼油行业开展泄漏检测与修复工作减少挥发性有机物无组织的排放起到借鉴作用.     

Enhanced methane production in an anaerobic digestion and microbial electrolysis cell coupled system with co-cultivation of Geobacter and Methanosarcina

The anaerobic digestion(AD)and microbial electrolysis cell(MEC)coupled system has been proved to be a promising process for biomethane production.In this paper,it was found that by co-cultivating Geobacter with Methanosarcina in an AD–MEC coupled system,methane yield was further increased by 24.1%,achieving to 360.2 m L/g-COD,which was comparable to the theoretical methane yield of an anaerobic digester.With the presence of Geobacter,the maximum chemical oxygen demand(COD)removal rate(216.8 mg COD/(L·hr))and current density(304.3 A/m_3)were both increased by 1.3 and 1.8 fold compared to the previous study without Geobacter,resulting in overall energy efficiency reaching up to 74.6%.Community analysis demonstrated that Geobacter and Methanosarcina could coexist together in the biofilm,and the electrochemical activities of both were confirmed by cyclic voltammetry.Our study observed that the carbon dioxide content in total gas generated from the AD reactor with Geobacter was only half of that generated from the same reactor without Geobacter,suggesting that Methanosarcina may obtain the electron transferred from Geobacter for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane.Taken together,Geobacter not only can improve the performance of the MEC system,but also can enhance methane production.     

石化废水易降解成分对活性污泥耗氧抑制毒性评价的干扰因素

为评价某石化混合废水的毒性,采用活性污泥耗氧速率抑制试验研究不同φ(石化废水)对活性污泥中不同菌群的抑制及其影响因素. 结果表明,所用石化废水对活性污泥中的硝化细菌具有明显毒性,其EC₅₀(半抑制效应浓度,以φ计)为9%左右;同时,该废水对异养菌的耗氧具有较强的促进作用,φ(石化废水)为100%时I_H(异养菌耗氧速率抑制率,131%)最高,这种促进作用对R_T(总耗氧速率)测定有显著影响(R=0.991,P<0.05),因此,仅以R_T评价废水毒性容易造成对废水真实毒性的低估. 5种常见易降解基质(乙酸钠、葡萄糖、甲醇、生活污水、丙酸钠)中,ρ(甲醇)为15 mg/L时对异养菌促进效果显著(P<0.05),促进率达50%以上;而在高浓度条件下,乙酸钠、葡萄糖、甲醇、丙酸钠对异养菌均有显著促进作用(P<0.05),R_H(异养菌耗氧速率)最高提高了182%. 研究显示,石化废水中的乙酸盐等易降解成分是活性污泥耗氧速率抑制试验的重要干扰因素.      

Mg/Al金属氧化物的物化性质及吸附特性

为研究微波煅烧和常规煅烧下的Mg/Al金属氧化物的物化性质、吸附特性及机理,通过XRD(X射线衍射)、SEM(扫描电镜)、BET-BJH(比表面积-孔结构)和pH_ZPC(零电荷点)等表征手段分析了微波煅烧对水滑石结构、形貌、纹理性质及表面电荷性质的影响.结果表明:微波煅烧可获得结晶度更高、片状结构更规整的Mg/Al金属氧化物;微波煅烧使Mg/Al金属氧化物的比表面积由184 m2/g增至205 m2/g,孔容和孔径分别由0.245 cm3/g和2.15 nm增至0.263 cm3/g和2.19 nm;pH_ZPC由12.3增至12.6.微波煅烧和常规煅烧下的Mg/Al金属氧化物的对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的ΔH(标准焓变)分别为42.86和41.23 kJ/mol,E_a(吸附活化能)分别为21.82和22.59 kJ/mol,二者的吸附过程均为化学吸附且受扩散控制,在该研究条件下的二者理论吸附量最大值分别为93.51和90.31 mg/g,微波煅烧提升了Mg/Al金属氧化物吸附能力,但并不显著;微波煅烧使得Mg/Al金属氧化物更易发生结构还原,其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附实质就是结构还原过程.研究显示,微波煅烧并没有改变Mg/Al金属氧化物吸附特性和机理.      

Growth inhibition and oxidative damage of Microcystis aeruginosa induced by crude extract of Sagittaria trifolia tubers

Aquatic macrophytes are considered to be promising in controlling harmful cyanobacterial blooms. In this research, an aqueous extract of Sagittaria trifolia tubers was prepared to study its inhibitory effect on Microcystis aeruginosa in the laboratory. Several physiological indices of M. aeruginosa, in response to the environmental stress, were analyzed. Results showed that S. trifolia tuber aqueous extract significantly inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa in a concentration-dependent way. The highest inhibition rate reached 90% after 6 day treatment. The Chlorophyll-a concentration of M. aeruginosa cells decreased from 343.1 to314.2 μg/L in the treatment group. The activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase and the content of reduced glutathione in M. aeruginosa cells initially increased as a response to the oxidative stress posed by S. trifolia tuber aqueous extract, but then decreased as time prolonged. The lipid peroxidation damage of the cyanobacterial cell membranes was reflected by the malondialdehyde level, which was notably higher in the treatment group compared with the controls. It was concluded that the oxidative damage of M. aeruginosa induced by S.trifolia tuber aqueous extract might be one of the mechanisms for the inhibitory effects.     

青岛市典型海岸带表层沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯的组成、分布特征及生态风险评价

在青岛市典型海岸带区域采集25个表层沉积物样品,对美国环境保护署（USEPA）优先控制的6种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）化合物含量进行测定,并对其分布特征、污染水平进行研究,同时展开了生态风险评价。青岛周边典型海岸带表层沉积物中6种PAEs中仅测定出邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）3种,3种PAEs总量为17.10×10-9~3446.49×10-9,各检出物质含量范围由高到低依次为:DEHP（ND~3209.83×10-9）,DBP（ND~2744.35×10-9）,DMP（1.70×10-9~95.45×10-9）。其中个别海岸带样品中PAEs污染较严重,但与国内外海洋沉积物中PAEs含量水平相比处于中等偏低水平。生态风险评价显示,除少数站点外,青岛市典型海岸带表层沉积物中PAEs污染物对环境危害较低。