2017—2018年秋冬季唐山市PM2.5中元素组成特征及来源解析

为研究唐山市大气PM_2.5中元素组成特征及其来源,于2017年10月19日—2018年1月31日（秋冬季）在唐山市的超级站（典型城市站点）、开平站（工业站点）和古冶站（工业站点）开展了PM_2.5的手工连续采样,定量分析测定了PM_2.5中23种无机元素.结果表明:Si、Al、Ca和Na等地壳元素的质量浓度均在10月最高,在1月最低.10月,ρ（Cr）在开平站最高（0.020 0 μg/m3）,随后逐月略微降低,其主要受钢铁冶炼工业的减产和限产影响.多数重金属元素质量浓度在11月或12月最高,包括Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、Ni、Se、V、Cd和Co,其可能受燃煤取暖影响.Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu四种元素的富集因子值分别为2 677、616、422和77,均达到极强富集,且均受人为排放源影响最大.基于因子分析法得出,唐山市大气PM_2.5中元素的主要来源有燃煤源、钢铁工业源与扬尘源的混合源、交通源以及土壤扬尘源,其方差贡献率分别为56.3%、21.6%、7.1%、5.4%.研究显示,秋冬季唐山市大气颗粒物PM_2.5中元素最主要的污染来源为工业源、燃煤源和扬尘源.      

茶渣生物炭制备及其对溶液中四环素的去除特性

以茶渣(tea waste)为对象,在300、 500和700℃限氧条件下热解制备成生物炭(TWBC300、 TWBC500和TWBC700),研究其对溶液中四环素(tetracycline,TC)的去除特性.采用元素分析、比表面积分析仪、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对TWBC300、 TWBC500及TWBC700进行表征;考察生物炭添加量、溶液初始pH、离子类型及强度等因素对四环素去除效果的影响;结合吸附动力学、吸附等温线和仪器表征结果探究生物炭对溶液中四环素的作用机制.结果表明,适合的生物炭投加量为4.0g·L^-1.溶液初始pH对生物炭去除四环素的影响较小.溶液中阳离子类型对生物炭吸附四环素的抑制作用依次是Mg²⁺>Ca²⁺>K⁺>Na⁺.NH⁺₄能略微促进生物炭对四环素的吸附,而铜离子却显著抑制生物炭对四环素的去除.环境温度增加能提升生物炭对四环素的去除效果.拟二级动力学方程和Lan...     

反应温度对自热式高温好氧消化(ATAD)中试系统运行的影响

城市污水污泥是城市污水处理厂的副产物,需要稳定化处理。本试验设计了由2个圆罐串联的自热式高温好氧消化中试系统处理城市污水污泥。通过批式试验探讨反应器温度对污泥稳定化处理效果的影响,以及影响反应器自升温的因素。试验发现①反应温度对挥发性的有机物的去除有显著影响,反应温度越高,VSS去除率越高。②影响反应温度的主要因素有进泥浓度、消化时间和曝气量。当进泥的VSS浓度为37.2g/L时,ATAD反应器最高温度可到49℃,只需14～17d的消化时间VSS的去除率可达到41.7%,污泥能达到稳定化。     

铁/炭微电解预处理皮革废水的作用机理

通过测定微电解处理皮革废水过程中液相pH值、总铁离子浓度的变化,比较相同总铁离子浓度下微电解与直接混凝法去除COD的效果,分析铁表面形态和沉积物构成,对铁/炭微电解处理皮革废水的作用机理进行探讨.结果表明,皮革废水中的有机物主要通过以下两种方式去除:一是微电解过程中产生的铁离子发生混凝沉淀作用,二是铁屑腐蚀过程中产生的氧化还原反应.酸性条件利于微电解作用效果.皮革废水因富含Cl-、S2-等活性阴离子,促进腐蚀作用的发生,碱性条件(pH=9)下COD去除率仍达35%～55%.重复使用的铁屑表面会覆盖硫化物、氧化物等沉积物,影响微电解反应处理效果.降低进水pH值可溶解铁表面沉积物,改善微电解作用效果.填料内部形成的微观原电池和外加活性炭形成的外部宏观电池均可发生微电解反应,提高废水处理效果.     

化工园区冲击波超压的多米诺效应定量风险分析

根据化工园区石化装置密集程度高的特点,提出了一种针对化工园区的多米诺效应风险分析方法.通过分析初始事故带来的物理效应对邻近设备的影响,对由冲击波超压引起的多米诺效应进行了研究,计算二次设备的损坏概率;分析多米诺场景,计算多米诺事故的扩展概率,定量分析多米诺事故的后果.通过该方法可以得到化工园区内设备的多米诺效应风险指数和多米诺事故的后果分析.     

石油化工企业本质安全化理论研究

石化企业生产属于涉及易燃、易爆及有毒物质开发与利用的高风险领域,整个生产及储运过程中任何安全疏漏,都可能造成灾难性后果。人在紧急情况下,由于知识不足、实践经验缺乏、报警优先级矛盾等种种原因,做出错误判断的可能性很大。如果能够在设计阶段就采取技术手段消除或减少风险源,并采取相应的安全措施,那么事故就有可能被避免。针对如何才能将风险因素尽可能全面和及时地消除或控制在安全范围内这一问题,本文对石化企业本质安全化理论进行了研究。     

Quantifying the Effect of Ecological Restoration on Soil Erosion in China’s Loess Plateau Region: An Application of the MMF Approach

Land degradation due to erosion is one of the most serious environmental problems in China. To reduce land degradation, the government has taken a number of conservation and restoration measures, including the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), which was launched in 1999. A logical question is whether these measures have reduced soil erosion at the regional level. The objective of this article is to answer this question by assessing soil erosion dynamics in the Zuli River basin in the Loess Plateau of China from 1999 to 2006. The MMF (Morgan, Morgan and Finney) model was used to simulate changes in runoff and soil erosion over the period of time during which ecological restoration projects were implemented. Some model variables were derived from remotely sensed images to provide improved land surface representation. With an overall accuracy rate of 0.67, our simulations show that increased ground vegetation cover, especially in forestlands and grasslands, has reduced soil erosion by 38.8% on average from 1999 to 2006. During the same time period, however, the change in rainfall pattern has caused a 13.1% ± 4.3% increase in soil erosion, resulting in a net 25.7% ± 8.5% reduction in soil erosion. This suggests that China’s various ecological restoration efforts have been effective in reducing soil loss.     

Quantifying Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Dynamics in the Jinsha Watershed, Upper Yangtze, China from 1975 to 2000

Quantifying the spatial and temporal dynamics of carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems and carbon fluxes between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is critical to our understanding of regional patterns of carbon budgets. Here we use the General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System to simulate the terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics in the Jinsha watershed of China’s upper Yangtze basin from 1975 to 2000, based on unique combinations of spatial and temporal dynamics of major driving forces, such as climate, soil properties, nitrogen deposition, and land use and land cover changes. Our analysis demonstrates that the Jinsha watershed ecosystems acted as a carbon sink during the period of 1975–2000, with an average rate of 0.36 Mg/ha/yr, primarily resulting from regional climate variation and local land use and land cover change. Vegetation biomass accumulation accounted for 90.6% of the sink, while soil organic carbon loss before 1992 led to a lower net gain of carbon in the watershed, and after that soils became a small sink. Ecosystem carbon sink/source patterns showed a high degree of spatial heterogeneity. Carbon sinks were associated with forest areas without disturbances, whereas carbon sources were primarily caused by stand-replacing disturbances. It is critical to adequately represent the detailed fast-changing dynamics of land use activities in regional biogeochemical models to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of regional carbon sink/source patterns.     

满度漂移对红外分光光度法测定废水中石油类物质的影响

红外分光光度法是测废水中石油类物质的国家标准分析方法,但仪器在使用过程中,满度会发生变化。满度的漂移对实验数据准确性的影响很大,尤其是低浓度水样。本文讨论了红外分光光度法测定水体中石油类物质满度对实验数据的影响。