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61.
Imitative song learning in birds often results in the formation of vocal dialects or local song neighborhoods in which males in close proximity share very similar songs. If song sharing confers a selective advantage due to intra-sexual competition or inter-sexual mate choice, song sharing should enhance the singer’s territory tenure or lifetime pairing success. We tested this in a migratory population of the Puget Sound white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis, in which some territory neighbors share whole songs. Song sharing with territory neighbors in the first year on territory did not correlate with territory tenure but correlated positively with social pairing success throughout a male’s lifetime when length of territory tenure was controlled. Thus, song sharing in this migratory population does not appear to confer a benefit in male–male interactions, at least as measured by the length of territory tenure. However, males that share songs do benefit from higher lifetime pairing success. Combined with the data available for other species, it appears that intra- and inter-sexual selection may have stronger effects on song sharing in sedentary and migratory populations, respectively. 相似文献
62.
Serena Caplins Miguel Angel Penna-Diaz Erick Godoy Nelson Valdivia J. M. Turbeville Martin Thiel 《Marine Biology》2012,159(6):1363-1374
Understanding the impact of environmental stressors on predator activity is a prerequisite to understanding the underlying
mechanisms shaping community structure. The nemertean Prosorhochmus nelsoni is a common predator in the mid-intertidal zone on rocky shores along the Chilean coast, where it can reach very high abundances
(up to 260 ind m−2) in algal turfs, algal crusts, barnacle crusts, and mixed substrata. Tidal and diurnal scans revealed that the activity of
P. nelsoni is primarily restricted to night and early-morning low tides and is relatively low when air temperatures are high. On average,
larger worms crawled faster than smaller worms, with their maximum velocity being influenced by substratum type. Their estimated
rate of predation is 0.092 prey items nemertean−1 day−1, just below the laboratory rate of ~0.2 amphipods nemertean−1 day−1 previously estimated for this species. P. nelsoni consumes a diverse spectrum of prey items (i.e., amphipods, isopods, decapods, barnacles, and dipterans) and is possibly
exerting a significant influence on its prey populations. We suggest that the opportunistic predatory behavior of this intertidal
predator is caused by the trade-off between immediate persistence (e.g., avoidance of desiccation) and long-term survival
through successful foraging. 相似文献
63.
Emma Nelson Christy L. Hoffman Melissa S. Gerald Susanne Shultz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(6):1001-1009
Female rhesus macaques exhibit matrilineal dominance structures, and high dominance rank confers fitness benefits across a
lifetime and across generations. Rank effects are “inherited” through social processes that are well understood; however,
biological mechanisms that might impact these processes are not well known. Recently, it has been shown that prenatal androgens
appear to be implicated in supporting dominance rank hierarchies in some mammals. In humans, interindividual differences in
the second (index) to fourth (ring) digit ratio (2D:4D) have been linked indirectly to variation in prenatal androgens, with
low 2D:4D in both sexes associated with higher inferred prenatal androgen effects. 2D:4D has also been related to dominant
social behavior and has been shown to co-vary with social systems across nonhuman primate species. Here, we investigate how
2D:4D co-varies with socially inherited dominance rank in female rhesus macaques. Low 2D:4D was associated with higher-ranking
females, while higher 2D:4D was associated with lower-ranking females. Similar relationships were also shown between ranked
families within matrilines. This is the first study to show such a relationship between 2D:4D and dominance rank in a nonhuman
primate and suggests that prenatal androgen effects could be involved in the maintenance of dominance rank in female cercopithecine
primates. 相似文献
64.
Venom-injecting structures have arisen independently in unrelated arthropods including scorpions, spiders, centipedes, larval owlflies and antlions, and Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, and bees). Most arthropods use venom primarily as an offensive weapon to subdue prey, and only secondarily in defense against enemies. Venom is injected by biting with fangs or stinging with a specialized hypodermic structure used exclusively for the delivery of venom (usually modified terminal abdominal segments). A true sting apparatus, previously known only in scorpions and aculeate wasps, is now known in a third group. We here report the first known case of a cerambycid beetle using its antennae to inject a secretion that causes cutaneous and subcutaneous inflammation in humans. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the terminal antennal segment of Onychocerus albitarsis (Pascoe) has two pores opening into channels leading to the tip through which the secretion is delivered. This is a novel case of convergent evolution: The delivery system is almost identical to that found in the stinger of a deadly buthid scorpion. 相似文献
65.
This study quantifies metal concentrations in washed and unwashed feathers of feral pigeons (Columba livia). The material was collected in two different sites: Goiania (capital of Goiás State), with high anthropic activities, and Jataí (a city in Goiás), with low anthropic activities. Results revealed that metals such as Pb, Cr, and Cd were deposited in the feathers originating from air and soil (exogenous process). Other metals such as Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, which are part of the tissue constitution of a living being, were absorbed through the pigeons' diet (endogenous process). There was a statistically significant difference between mean values of Cd, Pb, and Cr in the three collection sites. The order of metal concentrations were Civic Square > Zoo > Jataí, which shows highest levels of metal contamination in anthropic environments. Significant differences between Cd, Pb, and Cr in washed and unwashed feathers suggest that metal concentrations are directly related to exposure time due to exogenous sources. We concluded that it is possible to quantify and monitor metal levels in the environment by analyzing the feathers of urban feral pigeons. Furthermore, unwashed feathers were especially efficient to investigate endogenous and exogenous absorption of the metals in our study. 相似文献
66.
Galante-Oliveira S Oliveira I Ferreira N Santos JA Pacheco M Barroso C 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(2):304-312
Nucella lapillus (dog whelk) imposex levels were assessed along the mainland Portuguese coast in 2006 and 2008 and were compared with available data from 2003 for the same area. Given that specimen size has been described as a factor inducing variation in some of the imposex assessment indices, and thus resulting in less reliable results, new monitoring and data analysis procedures are described and applied to study change of imposex levels from 2003 to 2008. A significant decline in imposex intensity was observed in the study area during the study period, and the Portuguese coast ecological status (under the terms defined by the OSPAR Commission) notably improved after 2003, confirming the effectiveness of the Regulation (EC) No. 782/2003 in reducing TBT pollution. Nevertheless, N. lapillus populations are still extensively affected by imposex, and fresh TBT inputs were detected in seawater throughout the coast in 2006. These recent inputs are attributed to vessels still carrying TBT antifoulants applied before 2003, as their presence in vessels was only forbidden in 2008. Considering that Regulation (EC) No. 782/2003 is an anticipation of the IMO global ban entered into force in September 2008, a worldwide-scale decrease in TBT pollution can be expected in the near future. 相似文献
67.
Azizian MF Nelson PO Thayumanavan P Williamson KJ 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2003,23(8):719-728
The practice of incorporating certain waste products into highway construction and repair materials (CRMs) has become more popular. These practices have prompted the National Academy of Science, National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) to research the possible impacts of these CRMs on the quality of surface and ground waters. State department of transportations (DOTs) are currently experimenting with use of ground tire rubber ( crumb rubber) in bituminous construction and as a crack sealer. Crumb rubber asphalt concrete (CR-AC) leachates contain a mixture of organic and metallic contaminants. Benzothiazole and 2(3H)-benzothiazolone (organic compounds used in tire rubber manufacturing) and the metals mercury and aluminum were leached in potentially harmful concentrations (exceeding toxic concentrations for aquatic toxicity tests). CR-AC leachate exhibited moderate to high toxicity for algae ( Selenastrum capriconutum) and moderate toxicity for water fleas ( Daphnia magna). Benzothiazole was readily removed from CR-AC leachate by the environmental processes of soil sorption, volatilization, and biodegradation. Metals, which do not volatilize or photochemically or biologically degrade, were removed from the leachate by soil sorption. Contaminants from CR-AC leachates are thus degraded or retarded in their transport through nearby soils and ground waters. 相似文献
68.
Ecological and physiological controls of species composition in green macroalgal blooms 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Nelson TA Haberlin K Nelson AV Ribarich H Hotchkiss R Van Alstyne KL Buckingham L Simunds DJ Fredrickson K 《Ecology》2008,89(5):1287-1298
Green macroalgal blooms have substantially altered marine community structure and function, specifically by smothering seagrasses and other primary producers that are critical to commercial fisheries and by creating anoxic conditions in enclosed embayments. Bottom-up factors are viewed as the primary drivers of these blooms, but increasing attention has been paid to biotic controls of species composition. In Washington State, USA, blooms are often dominated by Ulva spp. intertidally and Ulvaria obscura subtidally. Factors that could cause this spatial difference were examined, including competition, grazer preferences, salinity, photoacclimation, nutrient requirements, and responses to nutrient enrichment. Ulva specimens grew faster than Ulvaria in intertidal chambers but not significantly faster in subtidal chambers. Ulva was better able to acclimate to a high-light environment and was more tolerant of low salinity than Ulvaria. Ulvaria had higher tissue N content, chlorophyll, chlorophyll b: chlorophyll a, and protein content than Ulva. These differences suggest that nitrogen availability could affect species composition. A suite of five grazers preferred Ulva to Ulvaria in choice experiments. Thus, bottom-up factors allow Ulva to dominate the intertidal zone while resistance to grazers appears to allow Ulvaria to dominate the subtidal zone. While ulvoid algae are in the same functional-form group, they are not functionally redundant. 相似文献
69.
Volunteer monitoring of natural resources is promoted for its ability to increase public awareness, to provide valuable knowledge, and to encourage policy change that promotes ecosystem health. We used the case of volunteer macroinvertebrate monitoring (VMM) in streams to investigate whether the quality of data collected is correlated with data use and organizers' perception of whether they have achieved these outcomes. We examined the relation between site and group characteristics, data quality, data use, and perceived outcomes (education, social capital, and policy change). We found that group size and the degree to which citizen groups perform tasks on their own (rather than aided by professionals) positively correlated with the quality of data collected. Group size and number of years monitoring positively influenced whether a group used their data. While one might expect that groups committed to collecting good-quality data would be more likely to use it, there was no relation between data quality and data use, and no relation between data quality and perceived outcomes. More data use was, however, correlated with a group's feeling of connection to a network of engaged citizens and professionals. While VMM may hold promise for bringing citizens and scientists together to work on joint conservation agendas, our data illustrate that data quality does not correlate with a volunteer group's desire to use their data to promote regulatory change. Therefore, we encourage scientists and citizens alike to recognize this potential disconnect and strive to be explicit about the role of data in conservation efforts. 相似文献
70.
The need for accurate carbon budgeting, climate change modelling, and sustainable resource management has lead to an increase
in the number of large area forest monitoring programs. Large area forest monitoring programs often utilize field and remotely
sensed data sources. Sampling, via field or photo plots, enables the collection of data with the desired level of categorical
detail in a timely and efficient manner. When sampling, the aim is to collect representative detailed data enabling the statistical
reporting upon the characteristics of larger areas. As a consequence, approaches for investigating how well sample data represent
larger areas (i.e., the sample neighbourhood and the population) are desired. Presented in this communication is a quantitative
approach for assessing the nature of sampled areas in relation to surrounding areas and the overall population of interest.
Classified Landsat data is converted to forest/non-forest categories to provide a consistent and uniform data set over a 130,000 km2 study region in central British Columbia, Canada. From this larger study area 322 2 × 2 km photo plots on a 20 × 20 km systematic
grid are populated with composition and configuration information for comparison to non-sampled areas. Results indicate that
typically, within the study area, the spatial pattern of forest within a photo plot is representative of the forest patterns
found within primary and secondary neighbourhoods and over the entire population of the study. These methods have implications
for understanding the nature of data used in monitoring programs worldwide. The ability to audit photo and field plot information
promotes an increased understanding of the results developed from sampling and provides tools identifying locations of possible
bias. 相似文献