中度污染情景下的武汉市空气质量改善研究

文章采用空气质量模式对在中度污染天气下保障武汉市空气质量优良的3种减排措施,即对武汉市1+8城市圈的工业、电力、交通实施不同程度的减排效果进行了评估。模拟的基准时段为2015年1月7-12日。首先,该文采用武汉市空气质量监测站点的同期的气象数据和污染物浓度数据验证了模型的可靠性。随后,通过模式模拟了3种减排措施实施后的武汉市空气质量。结果表明,武汉市处于中度污染天气状态时,当城市圈各属地内工业源减排30%(减排情景1)时,PM_2.5削减率基本在10%以内;当城市圈各属地内工业源、电力源和交通源都减排30%(减排情景2)时,PM_2.5的削减率在9%～14%之间;当城市圈各属地内电力源减排30%、工业源减排50%、交通源减排50%(减排情景3)时,PM_2.5的平均削减率可达18.78%,且空气质量可达到优良状态。     

水生植物与水气界面气体交换对岩溶泉水化学及碳循环影响

为揭示水生植物光合作用及水气之间气体交换对岩溶水化学及碳循环的影响,在姜家泉沿程选取5个监测点,于2017年12月至2018年11月对其水化学性质进行监测.结果显示:(1)在降水较少的月份,JJQ3的Ca2+浓度和HCO3-浓度明显小于JJQ1和JJQ2,并且溶解氧(DO)与电导率(EC)、Ca2+浓度、HCO3-浓度之间均呈负相关关系,说明池水处水生植物光合作用将碳酸盐岩溶蚀产生的HCO3-转化成了稳定的有机碳,从而增强了岩溶碳汇效应.(2)JJQ4的Ca2+和HCO3-浓度与JJQ1、JJQ2没有明显差异,但pH和溶解氧(DO)却明显高于JJQ1和JJQ2,并且JJQ4处溶解无机碳的稳定碳同位素(δ13CDIC)偏正于JJQ1和JJQ2,这主要是跌水导致水-气之间发生了气体交换.大气中的氧气通过曝气作用进入水中,而水中二氧化碳分压(pCO2)远高于大气,导致水中溶解的CO2脱气.(3)姜家泉水化学受到水生植物光合作用和水-气间气体交换的共同影响,并且在强酸参与下,CO2脱气将进一步减弱岩溶碳汇效应.因此,为准确估算岩溶碳通量,有必要对两种作用方式进行区分.     

祁连山中部土壤颗粒组分有机质碳含量及其与海拔和植被的关系

调查分析了祁连山中段不同海拔土壤颗粒有机碳及其与植被的关系.结果显示,土壤颗粒组分比例在0～15 cm和15～35cm土层随海拔升高而呈现下降趋势(P>0.2);土壤颗粒有机碳比例在0～15 cm土层随海拔升高也呈现下降趋势(P≤0.001).土壤颗粒组分比例0～15 cm土层在阴坡3 000 m～3 500 m、15～35 cm土层在阴坡3 200 m和3 500 m及半阴坡2 200和2 800 m处较高;土壤颗粒有机碳比例0～15 cm土层在阴坡3 000 m和3 200 m、半阴坡2 200 m和2 800 m,以及15～35 cm土层在阴坡3 200 m和3 500 m、阳坡3 300 m和3 500 m处较高(P<0.05).土壤颗粒有机碳和颗粒组分碳含量随海拔升高变化不显著(P<0.9).土壤颗粒有机碳含量0～15cm土层在阴坡3 000 m～3 500 m、15～35 cm土层在阴坡3 000 m～3 500 m及阳坡3 300m处较高;土壤颗粒组分碳含量0～15 cm土层在阴坡3 000 m～3 400 m和阳坡3 300 m,以及15～35 cm土层在阴坡3 200 m和3 400 m及阳坡3 300 m处较高.土壤颗粒组分比例0～15 cm土层在森林和灌丛草甸中较高;15～35 cm土层在森林、灌丛草甸和干旱草原中较高(P<0.05).土壤颗粒有机碳比例0～15 cm土层在荒漠草原和干旱草原,以及15～30 cm土层在森林和灌丛草甸中较高(P<0.05).土壤颗粒组分碳含量0～15 cm和15～35 cm土层在森林和灌丛草甸中较高(P<0.05).土壤颗粒有机碳含量0～15cm和15～35cm土层在森林中最高(P<0.05).土壤颗粒组分碳含量和颗粒有机碳含量与土壤有机碳含量有显著的正相关性(P<0.001),土壤颗粒有机碳含量与颗粒组分碳含量也有显著的正相关性(P<0.001),土壤颗粒组分比例与有机碳含量相关性不显著(P=0.15),土壤颗粒有机碳含量与颗粒组分比例有显著正相关性(P<0.005).结果说明祁连山中部北坡土壤有机碳稳定性受植被和海拔共同影响,荒漠草原和干旱草原表层土壤有机碳稳定性较低,森林和灌丛草甸土壤中非保护性碳含量较高.     

污水处理厂臭气分析与控制对策

污水处理厂臭气分布、扩散规律十分复杂,并且时常受到复杂多变的气象条件的影响,所以对其分布、扩散规律和影响因素的全面把握是科学进行臭气控制的前提。通过对北京某大型污水处理厂的臭气情况和气象条件的监测、分析,研究该厂臭气在空间和时间上的分布规律以及气象条件对臭气分布、扩散的影响,并提出污水处理厂臭气控制的总体对策。     

An economic evaluation on the purification and storage of waste hydrogen for the use of fuel cell scooters

Safe and reliable metal hydride canisters (MHCs) for the use of hydrogen storage at low pressure can be applied to supply small fuel cell vehicles or scooters with hydrogen fuel. However, greater cost-effectiveness of hydrogen gas is obviously necessary to the successful promotion of hydrogen fuel cell scooters in the market. In this study, we use the net present value (NPV) method to evaluate the feasibility of an investment project on the supply of purified hydrogen in a pulp company at Hualien, Taiwan. The purified hydrogen can be separated from waste hydrogen by using pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technology and then be stored in MHCs. Under some assumptions of improved parameters about hydrogen production cost and hydrogen gas price, the discounted payback period of hydrogen purification and storage project in our study can be less than 10 years and the unit cost of hydrogen gas can be close to the price of gasoline. Moreover, the unit cost of hydrogen gas in our study can be lower than the cost from other sources of hydrogen.     

围封对内蒙古中东部草原植物群落和土壤线虫群落的影响

2007年8月在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的退化样地（对照）、围封5 a样地和围封24 a样地,调查地上部植物群落、土壤性质和地下部土壤线虫群落。结果表明,围封处理能显著提高土壤水分质量分数,土壤深度和围封处理对土壤pH的交互作用显著。随着围封年限的增加,地上植物的多度、生物量和单株生物量都显著增加,而3个样地的多样性和均匀度均为围封24 a样地〉退化样地〉围封5 a年样地;随着围封年限的增加,大针茅（Stipa grandis）、苔草（Carex duriuscula）、羊草（Leymus chinensis）、锦鸡儿（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、双齿葱（Allium bidentatum）的生物量都呈现递增的趋势;围封5 a样地上冰草（Agropyron cristatum）和野韭（Allium ramosum）的生物量最大,围封24 a样地上苔草、羊草、双齿葱的生物量最大。调查样地线虫的密度平均为9.79 g-1（以干土计）,分别隶属于线虫动物门的90个属。植物寄生类线虫和食细菌类线虫分别占到总数的35%和40%,优势类群是丽突属（Acrobeles）和矮化属（Tylenchorhynchus）,二者共占总捕获个体数量的31.4%。围封24 a样地的结构指数显著高于退化样地,其它指标差异不显著。由此可知,围封有助于改善土壤理化性质;从围封角度来看,植物群落比线虫群落的反应明显得多,二者并未出现同步反应。     

Effects of bromide on the formation of THMs and HAAs

The role of bromide in the formation and speciation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during chlorination was investigated. The molar ratio of applied chlorine to bromide is an important factor in the formation and speciation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and halogenacetic acids (HAAs). A good relationship exists between the molar fractions of THMs and the bromide incorporation factor. The halogen substitution ability of HOBr and HOCl during the formation of THMs and HAAs can be determined based on probability theory. The formation of HAAs, and their respective concentrations, can also be estimated through use of the developed model.     

厌氧-好氧填料床联合处理餐饮废水的研究

调查江苏省扬州市餐饮废水排放特征,开发出一种厌氧-好氧填料床联合反应器用于处理餐饮废水.通过试验确定上流式厌氧填料床水力停留时间为4h,当联合工艺的总水力停留时间为8h时,联合工艺对餐饮废水处理CODcr去除率达到了90%.出水中CODcr、NH3-N、SS、磷酸盐指标达到国家一级排放标准.     

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol on different phases of TiO(2) particles in aqueous suspensions under UV irradiation

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol on different phases of TiO₂ particles was examined under 400-W UV irradiation. The effects of various operating parameters including TiO₂ dosage, solution pH (4–10), and initial phenol concentration (0.13–1.05 mM) on phenol degradation were investigated. Three forms of TiO₂ photocatalysts such as pure anatase phase, pure rutile phase, and the mixed phase were prepared by sol-gel method and followed annealing at different temperatures. The annealing temperature used were 500 °C, 700 °C and 900 °C for pure anatase phase, the mixed phase, and pure rutile phase, respectively. It was shown that pure anatase TiO₂ exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than the physical mixture of pure anatase and rutile TiO₂. Moreover, the TiO₂ particle with a specific fraction of mixed anatase and rutile phases exhibited better performance than pure anatase TiO₂. Finally, the degradation rate could be satisfactorily fitted by a pseudo-first-order kinetic model.     

Arsenic, cadmium, and lead in California cropland soils: role of phosphate and micronutrient fertilizers

Phosphate and micronutrient fertilizers contain potentially harmful trace elements, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). We investigated if application of these fertilizer increases the As, Cd, and Pb concentrations of the receiving soils. More than 1000 soil samples were collected in seven major vegetable production regions across California. Benchmark soils (no or low fertilizer input) sampled in 1967 and re-sampled in 2001 served as a baseline. Soils were analyzed for total concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, P, and Zn. The P and Zn concentrations of the soils were indicators of P fertilizer and micronutrient inputs, respectively. Results showed that the concentrations of these elements in the vegetable production fields in some production areas of California had been shifted upward. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that the seven production areas could be sorted into three categories: (i) enrichment of As, Cd, and Pb, which was associated with the enrichment of P and Zn in one of the seven areas surveyed; (ii) enrichment of As, which was associated with enrichment of Zn in two of the seven areas surveyed; and (iii) no remarkable correlation between enrichment of As, Cd, and Pb and enrichment of P and Zn in the other four areas surveyed.