Effect analysis of carbon trading on Economy-Energy-Environment system and calculation of reasonable carbon price intervals

This paper constructs a 4-lier computable general equilibrium model which includes such modules as modeling carbon emission constraints and carbon trading(CT),and incorporates the cost of carbon emissions into constant elasticity of substitute production function.Under scenario settings under different carbon abatement targets,based on 2007 national social accounting matrix and related statistical data about energy consumption and carbon emission,effects on economic outputs,energy consumption,and carbon abatement are estimated and analyzed at both macro and sector level.By calculating selected novel indicators that compromise between macroeconomic opportunity cost and achievable carbon abatement,reasonable carbon price intervals are given for enhancing the robustness and liquidity of carbon market.Further,by decomposition and share-weighted methods,expected carbon abatement and energy price are measured and analyzed in details.Some results are meaningful for fundamental design of the future carbon market.Given constant energy utilization and carbon abatement technologies at the macro level,the higher the carbon price the more actual carbon abatement;the more gross domestic product loss,the less energy consumption.Accwding to the overall situation estimated for 2007 in China,the advice given is to introduce a carbon abatement target rate(R_c)of-10%,which is helpful to make carbon market stable against unexpected carbon price shocks between[6.9,35]/tC with less economic loss.According to Kaya decomposition,after introduction of carbon pricing,carbon abatement is mainly contributed by the effects of energy intensity(EI)and technical progress.Further,CT may help reduce energy consumption and induce transformation to a low-carbon energy structure.At the sector level,the introduction of CT could induce economic recession in all sectors,especially energy.However,the overall economic structure remains unchanged to some extent.CT will help reduce energy consumption in all sectors,especially energy.Overall utilization costs of the energy composite can be divided in two,market price and carbonrelated costs.Carbon-related costs mainly contribute to variation in the utilization cos of the energy composite;carbon pricing may help non-energy sectors achieve sufficient carbon abatement by pushing up energy utilization cost.However,despite achievable carbon abatement by the energy sector being relatively high,induced by carbon pricing,there is still significant potential for other incentive policies to stimulate further abatement,such as energy resources taxation and transportation fuel taxation,especially in the sectors of coal and transportation.Finally,some advice is proposed in regard to policy decisions and further research.     

A comparison of the compositional differences between humic fractions isolated by the IHSS and exhaustive extraction procedures

Humic substances (HSs), consisting, on the basis of solubilities in aqueous acid and basic media, of humic acids (HAs), fulvic acids (FAs), and humin (Hu), are the major components of soil organic matter (SOM). Most studies of soil/natural organic matter (SOM/NOM) have been carried out on extracts of soils in dilute sodium hydroxide solutions, the solvent used to extract the Standards of the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS). However, Hu, the major component in the classical definition of HSs, is insoluble in aqueous base and is not isolated by the traditional IHSS method. Recently, a sequential exhaustive extraction (SEE) process has been shown to be capable of isolating and separating the major components of the classically defined HSs from the soils of the temperate and tropical regions. The SEE system was used in the present study to isolate the HA/FA and Hu fractions from a subtropical volcanic Taiwanese soil. Chemical and compositional properties of these extracts were then compared with similarly obtained isolates from soils from the different climatic regions. Increases in the aliphatic relative to aromatic carbon contents were observed for both the HA and FA fractions when the pH values of the extraction media were increased. HAs and FAs isolated using the SEE method have spectroscopic profiles similar to those from the IHSS isolate; however, the cumulative extraction efficiency (%) of the SEE method (65 %) for the volcanic soil was much higher than for the traditional IHSS method (33 %). When the residual volcanic soil, following extractions once, three, and eight times with 0.1 M NaOH were then extracted with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) plus concentrated sulphuric acid (the final solvent in the SEE sequence) it was seen that the content of crystalline polymethylene hydrocarbon (33 ppm ¹³C-NMR resonance in the Hu (or DMSO/acid)) extract increased relative to the amorphous methylene (30 ppm). That highlights the difficulty in dissolving the more highly ordered hydrocarbon structures that would be expected to have closer associations with the mineral colloids. Although the SEE procedure isolated all of the HAs and FAs from the Yangmingshan soil, extractability of the Hu from the volcanic soil in the DMSO/acid solvent was low (21 %), and contrasted with the much higher yields from temperate and tropical regions. The decreased Hu extraction may arise from its associations with the extensive iron and aluminium hydroxide mineral colloids in the soil. The Hu from this sub-tropical soil was different from the Hus isolated from other soil types, indicating the need to isolate and characterise these recalcitrant organic material in order to understand the organic carbon components in soils in greater detail. Such results would indicate that more attention should be given to mineral colloids in soils, and to the organo/mineral associations that will have an important role in the stabilities of OM in the soil environment.     

不同光强对阿特拉津和百草枯藻类毒性的影响

分别在20和50μmol·m-2·s-1光照强度下,研究了两种除草剂阿特拉津和百草枯对3株蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806、M.aeruginosa XW01、集胞藻Synechocystis PCC6803和两株绿藻:蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa、四尾柵藻Scenedesmus quadricauda的毒害效应.通过测定藻的生长,计算出了半效抑制浓度EC50值,结果表明:高光强下两种除草剂对5株藻的96 h-EC50值均明显低于低光强下的值,显示高光强有促进两种除草剂对藻类毒害的效应.高光强可促使阿特拉津显著提高藻细胞的丙二醛(MDA)含量,提示高光强促进阿特拉津产生更多的自由基破坏细胞膜脂.     

不同好/厌氧区容积负荷对生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合工艺脱氮除磷的影响

采用自行设计的生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合反应器,研究不同好/厌氧区容积负荷对该工艺脱氮除磷的影响.试验过程中设置了3种不同的工况,每种工况的好氧区和厌氧区容积均不同,工况Ⅰ的是9.66 L和15.34 L,工况Ⅱ的分别为12.56 L和12.44 L,工况Ⅲ的是15.42 L和9.58 L.不同的好/厌氧区容积对应不同的容积负荷.结果表明,工况Ⅰ的氨氮与磷酸盐去除效果稍差,工况Ⅲ出水硝态氮较高,造成总氮去除率较低.工况Ⅱ是最佳运行条件,系统的氨氮去除率为80.63%,氮容积去除负荷为150.27 g·(m3·d)-1,COD去除率为83.24%,释磷量与吸磷量分别为7.23 mg·L-1和11.93 mg·L-1.     

超声与碱预处理对剩余污泥磷及有机物释放的影响

为了回收污泥所含的磷,采用碱和超声波对3种剩余污泥进行预处理以释放磷,考察了处理前后PO3-4-P(正磷酸盐)、TP(总磷)、SCOD(可溶性COD)、TOC(总有机碳)、TS(总固体)、VS(挥发性固体)的释放规律及溶解性有机物的三维荧光特性变化.结果表明,碱和超声波处理均能有效破解污泥,释放磷和有机物;城市污泥比制药污泥更容易破解;城市污泥无机磷的释放高于有机磷,而工业污泥的有机磷释放高于无机磷;采用生物脱氮除磷工艺的城市污泥释放磷最多,释放有机物最少,有利于磷的进一步回收.碱处理和超声处理都不会从根本上改变污泥上清液中有机物的组分,但碱处理能促进污泥蛋白质类、腐殖酸类和富里酸类有机物的释放.     

城镇生活污水的低温厌氧生物处理技术研究与应用进展

归纳了厌氧过程处理低温生活污水的运行机制和影响因素总结了污水中典型污染物的去除特征评述了国内外厌氧反应器对低温生活污水的处理效能以及如何通过改进反应器自身结构及运行参数来应对低温、低浓度对厌氧反应器运行的不利影响最后介绍了厌氧反应器在资源化利用和能源回收方面的应用以及实际工程案例,并指出了存在的问题与今后研究的方向。     

化学镀镍废水中磷处理的研究

化学镀镍技术,以其独特的优越性正被广泛应用。但是化学镀镍溶液因其自身的还原反应性质导致镀液不稳定、使用寿命短。产生的废液中含有大量的镍离子、亚磷酸盐、硫酸钠及一些有机物等。镍是一种致癌的重金属物质,也是一种短缺昂贵的金属资源,磷则是引起水体富营养化现象的主要污染因素之一。因此,如何有效地处理化学镀镍废液中的磷,减少对环境的污染及生态平衡的破坏,有着非常重要的现实意义。本文通过大量的试验对影响磷处理效果的氯化钙投加量、反应温度、反应时间、反应pH值等因素进行了优化。在试验的基础上,可根据实际操作所得出的温度与pH值对镀镍废水磷处理的影响的结论,设计出一套化学镀镍废液综合治理的工艺流程。因此,具有非常重要的现实意义。     

自然环境谱转化为加速试验环境谱的方法

目的研究将自然环境监测数据转化为加速试验环境谱的方法。方法提出了自然环境谱向加速试验环境谱转化的方法,举例将某地域的自然环境谱转化为加速试验环境谱,并以天然橡胶1142为试验对象,验证环境谱的转化方法。结果加速试验结果与户外暴露结果一致。样品的硬度随试验时间的延长逐渐增大,拉断伸长率不断下降,表明样品出现老化,交联程度增加,柔韧性降低。结论获得了包括环境应力水平的确定,环境应力作用时间的确定,环境谱的转化、组合和综合以及环境应力施加顺序的环境谱转化方法。     

三峡库区树坪滑坡变形特征及其诱发因素研究

三峡库区树坪滑坡为典型的古崩滑堆积型滑坡,自2003年三峡水库蓄水以来其变形明显.本文采用两步聚类法对树坪滑坡的监测数据进行了定性化处理,并在此基础上采用Apriori算法研究了该滑坡的变形特征及其与诱发因素之间的关系.结果表明:库水位是引起树坪滑坡位移变形的主要诱发因素,且该滑坡因每年库水位的升降而呈现周期性的变形特征;降雨是引起树坪滑坡位移变形的次要诱发因素,随着库水作用下滑坡体原有裂隙的扩张及产生新的裂隙,降雨对滑坡变形的影响将逐渐增强.     

长期施用有机和无机肥对黑土nirS型反硝化菌种群结构和丰度的影响

利用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)和实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR,Q-PCR)技术,结合反硝化潜势(DEA)和土壤理化性质的测定,探索了长期施用有机和无机肥对公主岭黑土nirS型反硝化细菌的群落结构和丰度的影响.试验设不施肥(CK)、单施有机肥(OM)、单施无机肥(NPK)以及有机肥和无机肥混施(MNPK)等4个处理.结果表明,长期施用有机肥显著增加了土壤的DEA,其中OM、NPK和MNPK处理分别为CK处理的5.92、1.81和6.03倍,而NPK和CK间无差异.有机肥处理增加了黑土nirS型反硝化细菌的丰度,OM、NPK和MNPK处理中nirS基因的拷贝数分别为CK的2.73、1.30和3.98倍;NPK处理对nirS基因的拷贝数影响不显著.T-RFLP图谱显示施用有机肥改变了nirS反硝化细菌的群落结构;相比于非有机肥处理,有机肥处理中增加了一类79 bp的片段类型,显著降低了84 bp的片段类型,并完全抑制了一类99 bp的片段类型,而有机肥处理间和非有机肥处理间的nirS群落结构分别相似.系统发育分析表明:黑土中nirS型反硝化菌主要由α、β和γ-变形菌纲及一些尚未培养的微生物组成,79 bp的片段类型与γ-变形菌纲的假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)和β-变形菌纲的伯克氏菌目(Burkholderiales)相似,84 bp片段类型与Burkholderiales和红环菌目(Rhodocyclales)相似.相关性分析表明,pH、全磷(TP)、全氮(TN)、总有机碳(TOC)、硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)依次与nirS型反硝化细菌的种群丰度(r为0.724～0.922,P<0.05)和DEA(r为0.453～0.938,P<0.01)显著相关,DEA与nirS型反硝化细菌的种群丰度显著线性正相关(r=0.85,P<0.01);冗余度分析表明,除含水量外,TN、TP、pH、TOC、NH4+-N和NO3--N(r为0.440～0.862,P<0.01)依次与nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构的变化显著相关,DEA的变化和nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构的变化亦显著相关(r=0.863,P<0.01).本研究表明相比于无机肥处理,公主岭黑土中nirS型反硝化菌的群落结构与丰度对有机肥处理有更显著的响应,且其群落结构的改变与种群丰度的增加与DEA的提高显著相关.