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901.
Strategies for beneficial use of biosolids in New Zealand and elsewhere are currently focused primarily on land application. The long-term success of these and other strategies is dependent not only on technical factors, but also on their environmental, economic, social and cultural sustainability. This paper briefly reviews the situation with respect to biosolids management in New Zealand, where land application is not yet widespread; the rise in public opposition to land application in the United States; and the biosolids industry's approach to public engagement. We argue that, at least until recently, the industry has misinterpreted the nature and meaning of public opposition and thus substituted public relations for public engagement. We argue that genuine public engagement is necessary and that its purpose cannot be to gain public acceptance for an already-decided-upon strategy. It therefore calls for humility among biosolids managers, including a willingness to open up the framing of 'the problem', to acknowledge areas of uncertainty, and to recognise the role of values in 'technical' decision-making. We then present and analyse an example of the use of the scenario workshop process for public participation in biosolids management policy in Christchurch, New Zealand, and conclude that scenario workshops and related methods represent an opportunity to enhance sustainable waste management when certain conditions are met. 相似文献
902.
This paper analyzes the United Nations Organization's Kyoto Protocol nations to address two questions. First, what are the environmental production efficiency rankings of these nations? Second, is there a relationship between a nation's ratification status and its environmental production efficiency ranking? Our findings suggest that the nations that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol are more likely to be environmentally production efficient as compared to the nations that have not ratified the Protocol. 相似文献
903.
Richard T. Carson Maria Damon Leigh T. Johnson Jamie A. Gonzalez 《Journal of environmental management》2009
In marine areas throughout the world where recreational boats are densely located, concentrations of copper in the water are being found to be in excess of government standards, due to the hull coatings used on these boats. Copper-based hull coatings are intended to be antifouling in that they retard the growth of algae, barnacles and tubeworms; but alternatives exist that can eliminate the harm that copper contamination does to marine organisms. A variety of policy options are available to mandate or provide economic incentives to switch to these less harmful alternatives. This paper puts forth a conceptual framework for thinking about how to design and evaluate alternative policies to transition to nontoxic boat hulls, drawing from the authors' experience designing a policy for use in San Diego Bay. Many of the issues raised are broadly applicable to environmental problems where the solution involves a large-scale replacement of durable consumer goods. 相似文献
904.
Understanding how setting attributes influence the nature of the visitor experience is crucial to effective recreation management.
Highly influential attributes are useful indicators to monitor within a planning framework, such as Limits of Acceptable Change.
This study sought to identify the setting attributes perceived to have the most profound effect on the ability to have “a
real wilderness experience” and to assess the degree to which attribute importance varied with situational context and visitor
characteristics. To this end, exiting hikers were surveyed at moderate and very high use trailheads in Alpine Lakes Wilderness,
WA (USA), and Three Sisters Wilderness, OR (USA). They were asked about the degree to which encountering varying levels of
different setting attributes would add to or detract from their experience. Attributes with the largest range of effect on
experience, based on evaluations of different levels, were considered most important. The most influential attributes were
litter and several types of campsite interaction—people walking through camp and number of other groups camping close by.
The perceived importance of setting attributes did not vary much between wilderness locations with substantially different
use levels, suggesting that conclusions are robust and generalizable across wilderness areas. There also was little difference
in the perceptions of day and overnight visitors. In contrast, we found substantial variation in the perceived importance
of setting attributes with variation in wilderness experience, knowledge, attachment, and motivation. Our results validate
the emphasis of many wilderness management plans on indicators of social interaction, such as number of encounters. 相似文献
905.
In many European countries, accommodating water has become the dominant paradigm in river management. In the Netherlands, extensive river restoration projects are being implemented, many of which draw serious opposition from the public. To investigate the causes of such opposition, a comprehensive study of public attitudes towards river restoration was conducted in three floodplains, both before and after river restoration. The study combined quantitative questionnaires (N = 562) with open interviews (N = 29). This paper describes how local residents perceive the effects of river restoration on landscape quality and how residents and protest groups use landscape quality in combination with other arguments to strategically frame river management policies. Results show that measurement of the perceived outcomes of nature restoration needs to be complemented by a more dynamic type of research, focusing on the social processes of the framing of restoration plans. Theoretically, the paper aims to contribute to the development of a rigorous research strategy to study framing processes in environmental management, using a mixed-methods approach. 相似文献
906.
E. Smith R. Gordon C. Bourque A. Campbell S. Génermont P. Rochette M. Mkhabela 《Journal of environmental management》2009
A need exists to improve the utilization of manure nutrients by minimizing NH3 emissions from land application of manure. Management strategies to reduce NH3 emissions are available; however, few have been validated under Canadian conditions. A well tested and accurate simulation model, however, can help overcome this challenge by determining appropriate management strategies for a given set of field conditions. 相似文献
907.
Alan T. Herlihy Jean Sifneos Chris Bason Amy Jacobs Mary E. Kentula M. Siobhan Fennessy 《Environmental management》2009,44(2):369-377
We sampled 92 wetlands from four different basins in the United States to quantify observer repeatability in rapid wetland
condition assessment using the Delaware Rapid Assessment Protocol (DERAP). In the Inland Bays basin of Delaware, 58 wetland
sites were sampled by multiple observers with varying levels of experience (novice to expert) following a thorough training
workshop. In the Nanticoke (Delaware/Maryland), Cuyahoga (Ohio), and John Day (Oregon) basins, 34 wetlands were sampled by
two expert teams of observers with minimal protocol training. The variance in observer to observer scoring at each site was
used to calculate pooled standard deviations (SDpool), coefficients of variation, and signal-to-noise ratios for each survey. The results showed that the experience level of
the observer had little impact on the repeatability of the final rapid assessment score. Training, however, had a large impact
on observer to observer repeatability. The SDpool in the Inland Bay survey with training (2.2 points out of a 0–30 score) was about half that observed in the other three basins
where observers had minimal training (SDpool = 4.2 points). Using the results from the survey with training, we would expect that two sites assessed by different, trained
observers who obtain DERAP scores differing by more than 4 points are highly likely to differ in ecological condition, and
that sites with scores that differ by 2 or fewer points are within variability that can be attributed to observer differences. 相似文献
908.
An Assessment of Stakeholder Perceptions and Management of Noxious Alien Plants in Spain 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Despite biological invasions being a worldwide phenomenon causing significant ecological, economic, and human welfare impacts,
there is limited understanding regarding how environmental managers perceive the problem and subsequently manage alien species.
Spanish environmental managers were surveyed using questionnaires to (1) analyze the extent to which they perceive plant invasions
as a problem; (2) identify the status, occurrence, and impacts of noxious alien plant species; (3) assess current effort and
expenditure targeting alien plant management; and, finally, (4) identify the criteria they use to set priorities for management.
In comparison to other environmental concerns, plant invasions are perceived as only moderately problematic and mechanical
control is the most valued and frequently used strategy to cope with plant invasions in Spain. Based on 70 questionnaires
received, 193 species are considered noxious, 109 of which have been the subject of management activities. More than 90% of
species are found in at least one protected area. According to respondents, the most frequently managed species are the most
widespread across administrative regions and the ones perceived as causing the highest impacts. The perception of impact seems
to be independent of their invasion status, since only half of the species identified as noxious are believed to be invasive
in Spain, while 43% of species thought to only be casual aliens are causing a high impact. Records of management costs are
poor and the few data indicate that the total actual expenditure amounted to 50,492,437 € in the last decade. The majority
of respondents stated that management measures are insufficient to control alien plants due to limited economic resources,
lack of public awareness and support, and an absence of coordination among different public administrations. Managers also
expressed their concern about the fact that much scientific research is concerned with the ecology of alien plants rather
than with specific cost-efficient strategies to manage alien species. 相似文献
909.
Yung-Ping Tseng Gerard T. Kyle C. Scott Shafer Alan R. Graefe Timothy A. Bradle Michael A. Schuett 《Environmental management》2009,43(3):496-507
Along with the growing boating population and the number of boats in use on limited inland waterways, boater expectations
of setting density, safety perceptions, and the associated impacts on their experience (e.g., satisfaction) are becoming increasingly
important. The primary purpose of this article was to explore a recreational boating crowding–satisfaction model derived from
previous work using safety and enjoyment as mediating variables. We also tested our crowding–satisfaction model among day
and overnight users. Our analysis revealed no significant difference between day and overnight users for any of the relationships
tested in our model. Our final model indicated as respondents’ expectations for seeing people increased along with their feelings
of being crowded, they were more inclined to consider the conditions on the lake as being unsafe. They were also more inclined
to indicate that the number of people they had seen on the lake detracted from their boating experience. Respondents’ satisfaction
was tied to their perceptions of crowding. Mediating variables illustrated that the relationship was conditioned by perceptions
of safety and enjoyment. Analysis of the indirect effect observed in our study illustrate that when the number of people seen
on the lake exceed respondents’ expectations, their perceptions of safety and enjoyment both decline, resulting in lower satisfaction.
These findings have implications for managing recreational boating use on inland lake systems. Given the role played by expectations
in our model, efforts to communicate with boaters about conditions on these waterways is important for helping them plan their
boating experience and avoid situations they consider unsafe or unsatisfactory. 相似文献
910.
J. Juri Ayub D.E. Di Gregorio H. Velasco H. Huck M. Rizzotto F. Lohaiza 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
The 7Be wet deposition has been intensively investigated in a semiarid region at San Luis Province, Argentina. From November 2006 to May 2008, the 7Be content in rainwater was determined in 58 individual rain events, randomly comprising more than 50% of all individual precipitations at the sampling period. 7Be activity concentration in rainwater ranged from 0.7 ± 0.3 Bq l−1 to 3.2 ± 0.7 Bq l−1, with a mean value of 1.7 Bq l−1 (sd = 0.53 Bq l−1). No relationship was found between 7Be content in rainwater and (a) rainfall amount, (b) precipitation intensity and (c) elapsed time between events. 7Be ground deposition was found to be well correlated with rainfall amount (R = 0.92). For the precipitation events considered, the 7Be depositional fluxes ranged from 1.1 to 120 Bq m−2, with a mean value of 32.7 Bq m−2 (sd = 29.9 Bq m−2). The annual depositional flux was estimated at 1140 ± 120 Bq m−2 y−1. Assuming the same monthly deposition pattern and that the 7Be content in soil decreases only through radioactive decay, the seasonal variation of 7Be areal activity density in soil was estimated. Results of this investigation may contribute to a valuable characterization of 7Be input in the explored semiarid ecosystem and its potential use as tracer of environmental processes. 相似文献