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61.
Agricultural landscapes illustrate the impact of human actions on physical settings, and differential human pressures cause
these landscapes to change with time. Our study explored changes in the terraced landscapes of Nisyros Island, Greece, focusing
on the socioeconomic aspects during two time periods using field data, cadastral research, local documents, and published
literature, as well as surveys of the islanders. Population increases during the late 19th to early 20th centuries marked a significant escalation of terrace and dry stone wall construction, which facilitated cultivation on 58.4%
of the island. By the mid-20th century, the economic collapse of agricultural activities and consequent emigration caused the abandonment of cultivated
land and traditional management practices, dramatically reducing farm and field numbers. Terrace abandonment continued in
recent decades, with increased livestock grazing becoming the main land management tool; as a result, both farm and pasture
sizes increased. Neglect and changing land use has led to deterioration and destruction of many terraces on the island. We
discuss the socioeconomic and political backgrounds responsible for the land-use change before World War II (annexation of
Nisyros Island by the Ottoman Empire, Italy, and Greece; overseas migration opportunities; and world transportation changes)
and after the war (social changes in peasant societies; worldwide changes in agricultural production practices). The adverse
landscape changes documented for Nisyros Island appear to be inevitable for modern Mediterranean rural societies, including
those on other islands in this region. The island’s unique terraced landscapes may qualify Nisyros to become an archive or
repository of old agricultural management techniques to be used by future generations and a living resource for sustainable
management. 相似文献
62.
In this work, the potential for natural attenuation (NA) of Cr(VI) is evaluated for sub-wetland ground water at a chromium-contaminated site in Connecticut, incorporating the experimental findings of previous work at the site. Experimental data is assessed through long-term attenuation capacity calculations and modeling, which incorporates statistical uncertainty of parametric values. The NA evaluation yielded the following results: (1) Significant increases in Cr(VI) concentration and extremely long chromium source dissolution timeframes are required to exceed the attenuation capacity of the sub-wetland region soils studied in this work; and (2) Based on the 1-D transport modeling and incorporating input parameter uncertainty, there is an approximately 92% and 98% probability that the applicable regulatory criteria will not be exceeded at Point C, near a river which serves as the receptor, for the cases of (1) sorption of Cr(VI) only and (2) pseudo first order disappearance of Cr(VI) from the aqueous phase only, respectively. 相似文献
63.
Georgios Samiotis Giorgos Pekridis Nikolaos Kaklidis Eleni Trikoilidou Nikolaos Taousanidis Elisavet Amanatidou 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2018,190(6):363
Water reservoirs are used for many purposes, such as water supply, irrigation, flood mitigation, and hydroelectric energy generation. Although hydroelectric energy is considered “green,” many studies show that the construction of a reservoir enhances greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the transformed area. These emissions, mainly of CO2, CH4, and N2O gases, depend on the age of the reservoir, landscape and soil composition, fauna and flora remnants of the impounded area, climatic conditions, and basin runoffs. Consequently, GHG emissions significantly vary between reservoirs and depending on local specificities. Several studies have investigated GHG emissions from reservoirs around the world, focusing mainly on reservoirs located in cold regions, temperate regions, and tropical regions. Research is lacking for reservoirs in Mediterranean countries, like Greece, and similar regions. This work initially assesses the net GHG emissions of a newly created reservoir (Ilarion est. 2012) in Western Macedonia, Greece. The methodology for net GHG emission calculation was based on the use of literature data concerning pre-impoundment emission factors and local specificities of the reservoir (terrain type, canopy cover), as well as on the 2-year measurement data that were collected using a “static floating chamber.” Furthermore, in this work, the gross GHG emissions of an older, in-line reservoir (Polyfytos est. 1974) were also calculated, based on 2-year measurement data. The results show that the global warming potential (GWP) of the reservoirs is dictated by methane emissions; it minimizes during winter and spring and maximizes during summer and autumn. Hydroelectric energy production at Ilarion Reservoir results in 32 to 97 times less total CO2 equivalent emissions in comparison to fossil fuels, while at Polyfytos Reservoir only 8 to 24 times less (based on gross emissions). It appears that the impact of a reservoir’s morphology on GHG emissions is more significant than that of a reservoir’s age. 相似文献
64.
Golia Evangelia E. Chartodiplomenou Maria-Anna Papadimou Sotiria G. Kantzou Ourania-Despoina Tsiropoulos Nikolaos G. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(4):8617-8632
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The present study aims to assess the effect of four inorganic soil amendments, such as lime (CaCO3), red mud consisting of 75% hematite (Fe2O3),... 相似文献
65.
Reyyan Koc Nikolaos K. Kazantzis William J. Nuttall Yi Hua Ma 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2013,26(3):468-477
A comprehensive Net Present Value (NPV) model has been developed to demonstrate the economic advantages of process safety and risk reduction investments on Pd/Au-based membrane reactors. In particular, the economic viability of Pd/Au-based membrane reactor modules incorporated into Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plants is evaluated within the aforementioned framework by pro-actively following sound process safety design principles. Sources of irreducible uncertainty (market, technological, operational) as well as safety risk are explicitly recognized, such as the Pd/Au prices, membrane life-time and loss in the power plant capacity factor due to possible accidents. The effect of the above uncertainty drivers on the membrane module cost along with production disruption and associated revenue losses is elucidated using Monte-Carlo simulation techniques that enable the propagation of the above uncertain inputs through the NPV-model, and therefore, generate a more realistic distribution of the process system's value rather than a single-point/estimate that overlooks these uncertainties. Pre-investment on risk reducing measures, such as spare safety relief systems (cautionary redundancy) for membrane reactor modules operating at high pressures (e.g. 50 atm), is shown to be economically more attractive than cases where analogous safety measures are not implemented. Since accidents and possibly catastrophic events do happen in an uncertain world, additional investment on safety measures could ensure a safer and more profitable operation of the process system under consideration giving credence to the thesis that process safety investments may result in enhanced techno-economic performance in the presence of irreducible uncertainties. 相似文献
66.
Reyyan Koc Nikolaos K. Kazantzis Yi Hua Ma 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2011,24(6):852-869
The syngas produced by coal gasification processes can be utilized in Pd-based water-gas-shift membrane reactors for the production of pure H2. Pd/alloy composite membrane reactors exhibit comparative advantages over traditional packed bed reactors such as simultaneous reaction/separation in one compact unit and increased reaction yields. Furthermore, the development of comprehensive process intensification strategies could further enhance membrane reactor performance resulting in a substantially smaller and functional, inherently safer, environmentally friendlier and more energy efficient process.A systematic non-isothermal modeling framework under both steady state and dynamic/transient conditions for a catalytic high temperature water-gas shift reaction in a Pd-based membrane reactor has been developed to characterize the dynamic behavior of the process system at various operating conditions from a process safety standpoint. In particular, various reaction conditions as well as key process variables such as feed temperature and flow rate, catalyst loading, driving force for H2 permeation are considered as they are critically related to various safety aspects in the operation of a Pd-based membrane reactor. Within the proposed framework, process parameters and operating conditions which may induce hazards and compromise process safety are identified, analyzed and characterized. Finally, the proposed approach is evaluated through detailed simulation studies in an illustrative case study involving a real Pd-based membrane reactor used for pure hydrogen production and separation that exhibits complex behavior over a wide operating regime. 相似文献
67.
Andronikou Maria Lytras Nikolaos Chrysanthou Georgia Koutsokeras Loukas Constantinides Georgios Stylianou Marinos Agapiou Agapios Vyrides Ioannis 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(58):87245-87256
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The current study presented a novel process of biogas upgrading to biomethane (higher than 97%) based on anaerobic sludge and zero-valent iron (ZVI)... 相似文献
68.
Eleftheria Mitka Antonios Gasteratos Nikolaos Kyriakoulis Spyridon G. Mouroutsos 《Safety Science》2012,50(9):1888-1897
Domestic robotics is a growing sector with the potential for a large number of commercial applications. Robotics technologies have been successfully applied in industrial production lines, yet, for them to be successful in a dynamic household environment the need for increased reliability, robustness and other special capabilities become paramount. We are not far from the time when people will live and interact with robots and, thus, safety becoming the fundamental issue to observe. Robot designers should produce safe products for humans no matter what failure, malfunction or mishandle may occur. Thus, respective safety procedures ought to be applied to domestic robots as well. The most critical challenge is to preserve safety of humans without forfeiting a single token of the efficiency required to perform any task. In this technical communication, the authors address the need for safety regulations in domestic robotics and, while they do not intend to replace any current robot safety standards or guidelines, the proposed work may serve as a supplement to the standards. Since specific safety standards for domestic robots are not available, we propose that their safety verification should be carried out on the base of well-applied standards that developed in other areas and discussed here. The communication in hand provides the ground upon which a standard on domestic robots can be built. Moreover, it proposes a systemic approach that explicitly relates the system and user requirements to a list of safety problems, in order to achieve an adequate level of safety in domestic robotics. 相似文献
69.
Athanasopoulos PE Kyriakidis NV Stavropoulos P 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2004,39(2):297-309
The effect of environmental parameters (temperature and relative humidity) on the degradation rate of azinphos methyl and parathion methyl was studied. Proprietary emulsifiable concentrates were diluted and added to each of 90 glass Petri dishes for each pesticide and were left overnight to dry. Petri dishes were placed in 18 air-tight containers (9 for each pesticide) in which were created environments with relative humidity (RH) of 60, 82, and 96%. The containers were stored at 0, 20, and 40 degrees C. From the experimental results best fit curves, kinetic equations, rate constants, and half-lives were calculated. Half-lives of azinphos methyl for the RH studied were, from 124 to 267 days at 0 degrees C, from 89 to 231 days at 20 degrees C, and from 25 to 71 days at 40 degrees C. Corresponding half-lives for parathion methyl were from 48 to 57 days at 0 degrees C, from 9.2 to 10.5 days at 20 degrees C and from 1.3 to 1.5 days at 40 degrees C. The results were correlated with relevant results from the decomposition of the same or similar pesticides on apples both, on the trees and during refrigerated storage. These correlations are suggesting that biological factors strongly affected the decomposition rate of azinphos methyl. On the contrary the decomposition of parathion methyl was mainly affected by environmental rather than biological factors. 相似文献
70.
Deliyanni EA Lazaridis NK Peleka EN Matis KA 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2004,11(1):18-21
GOAL AND SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The application of a promising method, termed sorptive flotation, for the removal of chromium(VI) and zinc ions was the aim of the present paper. A special case of sorptive flotation is adsorbing colloid flotation. Suitable sorbent preparation techniques have been developed in the laboratory. METHODS: Sorptive flotation, consisting of the sorption and flotation processes combined in series, has proved to give fast and satisfactory treatment of the industrial streams and effluents bearing dilute aqueous solutions of zinc and chromium(VI). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Goethite has proved to be effective for the removal of chromium(VI) and zinc ions. Also, adsorbing colloid flotation with ferric hydroxide (as the co-precipitant) could be an alternative method to the above-mentioned separation of metal ions. In both cases, chromium(VI) (pH=4) and zinc (pH=7) removal was about 100%. CONCLUSION: The reasons for selecting the iron-based bonding materials, like goethite and/or in-situ produced ferric hydroxide, are that they are cheap, easily synthesized, suitable both for cation and anion sorption, and, furthermore, that they present low risks for adding a further pollutant to the system. Promising results were obtained. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The application of goethite and in-situ produced ferric hydroxide has demonstrated their effectiveness in the removal of heavy metal ions, such as chromium anions and zinc cations. A proposed continuation of current work is the utilization of similar iron oxides, for instance synthesized akaganeite. The comparison between the results reported in this paper with the results reported in the literature, also deserves attention. 相似文献