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排序方式: 共有116条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
111.
KH Hovland Y Thomassen NP Skaugset K Skyberg M Skogstad B Bakke 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(8):2092-2099
The aim of this study was to characterise personal exposures to dust, acid vapours, and gases among workers in a Norwegian nitrate fertiliser production plant, as part of an ongoing epidemiological study. In total, 178 inhalable and 179 thoracic aerosol mass fraction samples were collected from randomly chosen workers (N = 141) from three compound fertiliser departments (A, B and C), a calcium nitrate fertiliser production department, nitric acid- and ammonia-production departments, and a shipping department. The overall median inhalable and thoracic aerosol mass concentrations were generally low (1.1 mg m(-3) (min-max: <0.93-45) and 0.21 mg m(-3) (min-max: <0.085-11), respectively). Workers at the compound fertiliser departments B and C had significantly higher inhalable aerosol mass air concentrations compared to the other departments (p < 0.05), except for compound fertiliser department A; however, the difference between the compound fertiliser department C and calcium nitrate department was slightly above the significant level. Workers at the compound fertiliser department A had significantly higher thoracic aerosol mass air concentrations compared to the other departments (p < 0.05), except for compound fertiliser departments B and C. The results indicate that the extrathoracic aerosol fraction of the aerosol compared to the thoracic fraction dominated in most departments. Measurement of the main constituents Ca, K, Mg, and P in the water-soluble and water-insoluble aerosol mass fractions showed that the air concentrations of these elements were low. There is, however, a shift towards more water-soluble species as the production goes from raw material with phosphate rock towards the final product of fertilisers. Overall, the arithmetic mean of water-soluble Ca in the thoracic mass fraction was 51% (min-max: 1-100). A total of 169 personal samples were analysed for HNO(3) vapour and HF. The highest median concentration of HNO(3) (0.63 mg m(-3)) was in the compound fertiliser departments B, and all measurements but four of the HF concentrations were below the LOD of 190 μg m(-3). Exposures to NH(3), CO and NO(2) were measured using direct-reading electrochemical sensors and the time weighted overall averages were all below the LODs of the respective sensors, NH(3) 2 ppm; CO 2 ppm; and NO(2) 0.2 ppm, but some short-term peaks were detected. Even though our results indicate that the workers may experience peak exposure episodes when performing job tasks such as cleaning or maintenance work, the overall air concentrations are well below what is considered to cause known health risks. 相似文献
112.
Replacing monocultures with mixed-species stands: Ecosystem service implications of two production forest alternatives in Sweden 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Adam Felton Urban Nilsson Johan Sonesson Annika M. Felton Jean-Michel Roberge Thomas Ranius Martin Ahlström Johan Bergh Christer Björkman Johanna Boberg Lars Drössler Nils Fahlvik Peichen Gong Emma Holmström E. Carina H. Keskitalo Maartje J. Klapwijk Hjalmar Laudon Tomas Lundmark Mats Niklasson Annika Nordin Maria Pettersson Jan Stenlid Anna Sténs Kristina Wallertz 《Ambio》2016,45(2):124-139
Whereas there is evidence that mixed-species approaches to production forestry in general can provide positive outcomes relative to monocultures, it is less clear to what extent multiple benefits can be derived from specific mixed-species alternatives. To provide such insights requires evaluations of an encompassing suite of ecosystem services, biodiversity, and forest management considerations provided by specific mixtures and monocultures within a region. Here, we conduct such an assessment in Sweden by contrasting even-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies)-dominated stands, with mixed-species stands of spruce and birch (Betula pendula or B. pubescens), or spruce and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). By synthesizing the available evidence, we identify positive outcomes from mixtures including increased biodiversity, water quality, esthetic and recreational values, as well as reduced stand vulnerability to pest and pathogen damage. However, some uncertainties and risks were projected to increase, highlighting the importance of conducting comprehensive interdisciplinary evaluations when assessing the pros and cons of mixtures. 相似文献
113.
114.
Aiding multi-level decision-making processes for climate change mitigation and adaptation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Katherine A. Daniell María A. Máñez Costa Nils Ferrand Ashley B. Kingsborough Peter Coad Irina S. Ribarova 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(2):243-258
Progress towards climate change aware regional sustainable development is affected by actions at multiple spatial scales and
governance levels and equally impacts actions at these scales. Many authors and policy practitioners consider therefore that
decisions over policy, mitigation strategies and capacity for adaptation to climate change require construction and coordination
over multiple levels of governance to arrive at acceptable local, regional and global management strategies. However, how
such processes of coordination and decision-aiding can occur and be maintained and improved over time is a major challenge
in need of investigation. We take on this challenge by proposing research-supported methods of aiding multi-level decision-making
processes in this context. Four example regionally focussed multi-level case studies from diverse socio-political contexts
are outlined—estuarine management in Australia’s Lower Hawkesbury, flood and drought management in Bulgaria’s Upper Iskar
Basin, climate policy integration in Spain’s Comunidad Valenciana and food security in Bangladesh’s Faridpur District—from
which insights are drawn. Our discussion focuses on exploring these insights including: (1) the possible advantages of informal
research-supported processes and specifically those that provide individual arenas of participation for different levels of
stakeholders; (2) the complexity of organisation processes required for aiding multi-level decision-making processes; and
(3) to what extent progress towards integrated regional policies for climate change aware sustainable development can be achieved
through research-supported processes. We finish with a speculative section that provides ideas and directions for future research. 相似文献
115.
Adverse effects of agrochemicals on earthworms’ burrowing behaviour can have crucial impacts on the entire ecosystem. In the present study, we have therefore assessed short- and long-term effects on burrowing behaviour in the earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris after exposure to a range of imidacloprid concentrations (0.2-4 mg kg−1 dry weight (DW)) for different exposure times (1, 7, 14 d). 2D-terraria were used for the examination of post-exposure short-term effects (24-96 h), while post-exposure long-term effects were assessed by means of X-ray burrow reconstruction in three dimensional soil cores (6 weeks). For the latter each core was incubated with two specimens of L. terrestris and four of A. calignosa. Short-term effects on the burrowing behaviour (2D) of A. caliginosa were already detected at the lowest test concentration (0.2 mg kg−1 DW), whereas such effects in L. terrestris were not observed until exposure to concentrations 10 times higher (2 mg kg−1 DW). For both species tested in the 2D-terraria, “total burrow length after 24 h” and “maximal burrow depth after 24 h” were the most sensitive endpoints. 3D reconstructions of the burrow systems made by both earthworm species in the repacked soil cores revealed a significant linear decrease in burrow volume with increasing imidacloprid concentration.Since many of the observed effects occurred at imidacloprid concentrations relevant to natural conditions and since reduced activities of earthworms in soils can have crucial impacts on the ecosystem level, our results are of environmental concern. 相似文献
116.
Coastal areas are exposed to a variety of threats due to high population densities and rapid economic development. How will this affect human welfare and our dependence on nature's capacity to provide ecosystem goods and services? This paper is original in evaluating this concern for major habitats (macroalgae, seagrasses, blue mussel beds, and unvegetated soft bottoms) in a temperate coastal setting. More than 40 categories of goods and services are classified into provisional, regulating, and cultural services. A wide variety of Swedish examples is described for each category, including accounts of economic values and the relative importance of different habitats. For example, distinguishing characteristics would be the exceptional importance of blue mussels for mitigation of eutrophication, sandy soft bottoms for recreational uses, and seagrasses and macroalgae for fisheries production and control of wave and current energy. Net changes in the provision of goods and services are evaluated for three cases of observed coastal ecosystem shifts: i) seagrass beds into unvegetated substrate; ii) unvegetated shallow soft bottoms into filamentous algal mat dominance; and iii) macroalgae into mussel beds on hard substrate. The results are discussed in a management context including accounts of biodiversity, interconnectedness of ecosystems, and potential of economic valuation. 相似文献