Biological sulfate removal from acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater using a two-stage UASB reactor

A two-stage UASB reactor was employed to remove sulfate from acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater. Mesophilic operation (35±0.5℃) was performed with hydraulic retention time (HRT) varied between 28 and 40 hr. Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in the reactor was maintained about 8000 mg/L. The results indicated that sulfate removal was enhanced with increasing the ratio of COD/SO₄^2-. At low COD/SO₄^2-, the growth of the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was carbon-limited. The optimal sulfate removal efficiencies were 75% when the HRT was no less than 38 hr. Sulfidogenesis mainly happened in the sulfate-reducing stage, while methanogenesis in the methane-producing stage. Microbes in sulfate-reducing stage performed granulation better than that in methane-producing stage. Higher extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content in sulfate-reducing stage helped to adhere and connect the flocculent sludge particles together. SRB accounted for about 31% both in sulfate-reducing stage and methane-producing stage at COD/SO₄^2- ratio of 0.5, while it dropped dramatically from 34% in sulfate-reducing stage to 10% in methane-producing stage corresponding to the COD/SO₄^2- ratio of 4.7. SRB and MPA were predominant in sulfate-reducing stage and methane-producing stage respectively.     

基于最优分割理论的酸雨监控点位的分类研究

Fisher最优分割法是用离差平方和来表示同类样本之间的差异程度,通过简便的计算步骤和作图,确定最优分类数,使同类样本间的差异最小,各类别样本间的差异最大,并用F检验法检验最优分类数的合理性。文章根据Fisher最优分割法的理论内涵,研究其应用于酸雨环境监测优化布点的可行性。以漳州市沿海区域监测点为研究实例,用Fisher最优分割法确定最优的分类情况和最优的优化布点方案。结果表明,原布设的9个监测点用Fisher最优分割法优化为3个典型点位,可客观地反映漳州市酸雨控制区的整体污染状况和污染趋势,该方法理论内涵直观、计算简便、重复性好,对环境质量监测有重要的意义。     

R型聚类对辽河不同断面水质指标相关性分析

河流水质监测中许多指标常常存在着一定的相关性,通过对水质指标相关性研究,可了解水质指标间影响关系及河流污染物的特点,指导河流水污染治理,提高水质量标准。以辽河为例,采用R型聚类方法对辽河不同断面水质指标的相关性进行分析,应用DPS统计软件,通过计算机对监测数据进行运算得出相关系数矩阵和变量的分类树形图。通过分析可看出化学需氧量与五日生化需氧量、高锰酸盐指数与氨氮相关密切。文中对各种水质指标相关关系的内在关联进行深入研究,分析相关指标间的相互作用,以期达到对影响因子的全方位监测与控制,实现对辽河水污染治理及水环境监测评价的作用。     

地下空间在节能减排中的应用及展望

在能源短缺和环境污染的双重压力下,我国出台多项措施加大节能减排力度。总结概括了地下空间的几种类型,认为盐岩洞穴、废弃矿洞、废弃油井、枯竭油气层等地下空间经过技术改造,可以埋存CO2、固体垃圾、废弃核原料,储存油气,地热利用等,能创造可观的社会价值和环境保护效益,可作为节能减排的一种有效措施。以山东地区为例,调研分析了山东多处地下空间利用现状,给出了地下空间的三种发展方向。     

钛基改性DSA电极氧化法去除水中全氟化合物

为了提高金属氧化物电极(DSA电极)的稳定性及催化活性,实现全氟化合物(PFCs)的高效降解,分别以溶胶涂覆法和电沉积法制备了改性DSA(Ti/SnO_2-ZnO)电极,并用于全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的电化学降解过程研究.实验分别考察了电流密度、溶液初始pH、 PFOA与PFOS初始浓度对PFCs降解效果的影响.结果表明:两种方法制备的改性DSA电极表面均匀负载了SnO_2-ZnO复合涂层.在二维电极体系中,极板面积约为65.0 cm~2,电流密度为20.0 mA·cm~(-2),极板间距为15.0 mm,电解质为1.30 g·L~(-1)次氯酸钠溶液以及电解时间为150 min时,溶胶涂覆法和电沉积法所制备的Ti/SnO_2-ZnO电极对初始浓度为100 mg·L~(-1)的PFOA和PFOS分别在pH为3.50和6.50时去除效果最佳,分别达到了90.6%、94.6%和91.0%、93.7%;循环使用电极3次,其降解过程均符合准一级反应动力学,且电沉积法制备的电极效果优于溶胶涂敷法,表现出对PFCs类污染物稳定、高效的去除能力.     

碳纳米管径向尺寸对碳纳米管自支撑膜孔隙结构及通量的影响

为了探索碳纳米材料膜在水处理中应用的可能性,本实验选取4种径向尺寸的碳纳米管(Carbon Nanotubes, CNTs),采用压力辅助过滤技术制备CNTs自支撑膜.通过对CNTs自支撑膜的平均孔径、孔径分布及截留分子量(Molecular weight Cut-Off,MWCO)等进行分析,研究了CNTs径向尺寸变化对CNTs自支撑膜孔隙结构的影响.结果表明,CNTs的径向尺寸越小,制备得到的CNTs自支撑膜越趋向于形成小孔径的膜孔,且孔径分布更加均匀,孔隙面积比越高,膜的MWCO越小.单壁碳纳米管(Single-walled carbon nanotube, SWNT)与多壁碳纳米管(Multi-walled carbon nanotube, MWNT)相比,前者更容易形成膜平均孔径更小且孔径分布更均匀的CNTs自支撑膜.膜通量测定结果表明,研究制备的CNTs自支撑膜的通量属于低压膜范围,通量在230～347 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1)·bar~(-1)之间.其中,虽然由径向尺寸较小的CNTs所制备的CNTs自支撑膜的平均孔径更小,但由于其具有更高的孔隙面积比和更小的膜厚度,其纯水通量相对高于由大径向尺寸CNTs制备的CNTs自支撑膜.     

紫外辐射H2O2与PMS氧化准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水

采用紫外（UV）活化双氧水（H₂O₂）和过一硫酸盐（PMS）产生活性氧物种降解准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机污染物.结果表明,紫外辐射双氧水（UV-H₂O₂）和紫外辐射过一硫酸盐（UV-PMS）体系对有机污染物的降解相比于单独体系效果显著.初始pH值和氧化剂投加量能够显著影响2种体系的降解效能,增加氧化剂投加量能够一定程度提高2种体系对渗滤液尾水中有机物的去除;2种体系均在酸性条件下效果较好,初始pH值的升高对2种体系过程有机物降解有抑制作用并且对UV-H₂O₂体系的抑制尤为显著.在最优条件下（初始pH值为3,氧化剂投量为0.084mol/L）,UV-H₂O₂与UV-PMS体系处理后出水COD去除率分别达到了72.09%和56.22%.另外,UV-H₂O₂体系中主要活性氧物种是羟基自由基,而UV-PMS体系中主要是由羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基的共同作用.紫外-可见光谱与三维荧光光谱表明两体系中均能降解渗滤液尾水中难降解芳香类有机物质,并且UV-PMS较UV-H₂O₂体系对腐殖质的反应速率更快,但是两种体系对渗滤液尾水中腐殖质的降解途径存在显著差异.研究结果可为光化学氧化处理垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机物提供参考.     

太原市夏季大气VOCs污染特征及臭氧生成潜势

2018年8月采集太原市大气样品,分析太原市夏季大气VOCs的污染特征,并利用最大增量反应活性系数法（MIR系数法）估算了VOCs的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）.结果表明,太原市夏季大气VOCs浓度为17.36~89.60μg/m³,其中烷烃占比58.01%、芳香烃占比20.06%、烯烃占比16.52%、炔烃占比5.40%.大气VOCs浓度变化表现为明显的早晚双高峰特征,且以早高峰影响为主.OFP分析显示,烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、炔烃分别占总OFP的19.16%、47.74%、31.75%、1.35%,C₃~C₅类烯烃是活性较高的物种,对O₃生成贡献较大.     

共生细菌对盐生小球藻亚砷酸盐代谢的影响

为探讨共生细菌对盐生小球藻（Chlorella salina）亚砷酸盐（As（III））富集和形态转化的影响,从C.salina培养液中分离培养出一株共生细菌,并采用抗生素处理C.salina获得无菌藻,设置0,75,150,300,750 μg/LAs（III）溶液处理带菌和无菌的C.salina,7d后测定C.salina对As（III）的吸收、吸附和富集量,以及培养液和藻细胞内As的形态,计算带菌和无菌C.salina对As（III）的氧化率和去除率;使用不同浓度的As（III）处理共生细菌7d,并以300μg/L的As（III）处理共生细菌不同时间,计算两种情况下共生细菌对培养液中As（III）的氧化率和去除率.结果表明：C.salina的共生细菌为根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens WB-1）;与无菌C.salina相比,带菌C.salina生长更快、对As（III）的耐性更强.带菌C.salina对As（III）的富集量为103.10~448.12mg/kg、氧化率为78.93%~96.88%、去除率为18.92%~55.21%,显著高于无菌C.salina的富集量（11.68~91.39mg/kg）、氧化率（14.46%~26.39%）和去除率（12.82%~29.15%）,也高于A.tumefaciens WB-1对As（III）的氧化率（4.51%~30.61%）和去除率（1.86%~16.19%）.此外,带菌C.salina胞内还检测到少量的As（III）和甲基砷,而在无菌C.salina胞内没有甲基砷存在.共生细菌促进了盐生小球藻对As（III）的富集和形态转化.     

Effects of typical algae species (Aphanizomenon flosaquae and Microcystis aeruginosa) on photoreduction of Hg2+ in water body

Photoreduction characteristics of divalent inorganic mercury(Hg~(2+)) in the presence of specific algae species are still not well known. Laboratory experiments were conducted in the present study to identify the effects of different concentrations of living/dead algae species, including Aphanizomenon flosaquae(AF) and Microcystis aeruginosa(MA), on the photoreduction rate of Hg~(2+)under various light conditions. The experimental results showed that percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)was significantly influenced by radiation wavelengths, and dramatically decreased with the presence of algae. The highest percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)was induced by UV-A, followed by UV-B, visible light and dark for both living and dead AF, and the order was dark UV-A UV-B visible light for both living and dead MA. There were two aspects, i.e., energy and attenuation rate of light radiation and excrementitious generated from algae metabolisms, were involved in the processes of Hg~(2+)photoreduction with the presence of algae under different light conditions. The percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)decreased from 15% to 11% when living and dead AF concentrations increased by 10 times(from 106 to 105 cells/mL), and decreased from 11% to ～ 9% in the case of living and dead MA increased. Algae can adsorb Hg~(2+)and decrease the concentration of free Hg~(2+), thus inhibiting Hg~(2+)photoreduction, especially under the conditions with high concentrations of algae. No significant differences were found in percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)between living and dead treatments of algae species.The results are of great importance for understanding the role of algae in Hg~(2+)photoreduction.