Nationwide monitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in sediments from coastal environment of Korea

To assess the organochlorine contamination in the Korean marine environment, a nationwide monitoring study was conducted. A total of 138 surface sediments, covering the whole Korean coast, were collected and analyzed. Organochlorine compounds (OCs) were widely distributed in the Korean coastal environment, with PCB and DDT contamination being particularly prevalent. The overall concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, CHLs, and HCB in surface sediments were in the range of 0.088-199ngg(-1) (median value: 1.56ngg(-1)), 0.006-135ngg(-1) (0.68ngg(-1)), not detected (ND)-5.46ngg(-1) (0.32ngg(-1)), ND-3.26ngg(-1) (0.14ngg(-1)), and ND-2.59ngg(-1) (0.05ngg(-1)), respectively. The southeastern coast was found to be highly contaminated. Overall contamination status of Korean coastal sediments with regard to OCs is lower than that of USA. With the exception of highly industrialized sites, Korean coastal areas in general showed similar OC concentrations to those of other Asian countries. There was a significant correlation between distributions of most organochlorine contaminants with each other. OC contamination is closely related to shipping and industrial activities. Of the 7 sites categorized as highly polluted, 4 are in a harbor zone. Adverse effects to benthic communities are expected at the levels of OC contamination observed from harbor and industrial areas.     

Emission factors of air toxics from semiconductor manufacturing in Korea

The development of local, accurate emission factors is very important for the estimation of reliable national emissions and air quality management. For that, this study is performed for pollutants released to the atmosphere with source-specific emission tests from the semiconductor manufacturing industry. The semiconductor manufacturing industry is one of the major sources of air toxics or hazardous air pollutants (HAPs); thus, understanding the emission characteristics of the emission source is a very important factor in the development of a control strategy. However, in Korea, there is a general lack of information available on air emissions from the semiconductor industry. The major emission sources of air toxics examined from the semiconductor manufacturing industry were wet chemical stations, coating applications, gaseous operations, photolithography, and miscellaneous devices in the wafer fabrication and semiconductor packaging processes. In this study, analyses of emission characteristics, and the estimations of emission data and factors for air toxics, such as acids, bases, heavy metals, and volatile organic compounds from the semiconductor manufacturing process have been performed. The concentration of hydrogen chloride from the packaging process was the highest among all of the processes. In addition, the emission factor of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) for the packaging process was higher than that of the wafer fabrication process. Emission factors estimated in this study were compared with those of Taiwan for evaluation, and they were found to be of similar level in the case of TVOCs and fluorine compounds.     

长江上游泥石流灾害的特征

长江上游地区地质条件复杂、新构造运动强烈、地震活跃、地形起伏巨大、降水丰沛而集中,对泥石流发育极为有利;而长期不合理的人类经济活动(如过度采伐森林、毁林开荒、陡坡耕作、建设和采矿不合理弃渣等)则对生态环境造成强烈破坏,加剧了泥石流灾害的发生,使长江上游成为我国泥石流活动最强烈及灾害最严重的地区。据统计,1753~2002年的200多年中,区内仅一场泥石流致死百人以上的特大灾害点就达17个,累计死亡近6 000人;致死百人以下的灾害点更多,致死十人以下的灾害点不计其数,死亡人数总和远远大于上列数字;有60余个市县政府驻地城镇受泥石流危害或威胁,乡镇则多达上百个。由泥石流造成的人员伤亡每年数十到数百人,经济损失10~15(亿元／a)。其灾害的严重性由此可见一斑。泥石流灾害已成为制约长江上游地区经济发展的重要因素之一。研究泥石流灾害,掌握其特征,是长江上游防灾减灾所必需,对促进长江上游地区社会经济发展和西部大开发具有重要意义。长江上游己查明的泥石流沟6 800余条。其特殊的地理位置和巨大的地形高差及岩性差异,使区内发育的泥石流不仅数量众多,而且类型石相当齐全,除无火山泥石流外,几乎 包含了世界上目前己发现的其他各种类型的泥石流。在青藏高原边缘等岭谷高差变化大的地貌过渡带,泥石流极为发育;沿深大断裂带和强烈地震带泥石流集中分布;泥石流主要出现在流域面积小于10 km\+2的小流域内,分布呈非地带性特征。泥石流活动频率高,每年都有成百上千处发生,导致了泥石流灾害频繁。如云南东川的蒋家沟,从1965~2001年的37年中,共发生泥石流459次,平均12．4次／a;甘肃武都柳弯沟平均每年暴发泥石流11次。此外,泥石流搬运泥沙石块的能力惊人,搬运物以粗粒物质为主,据干流和支流的69个泥石流堆积物样品分析,堆积物中粒径大于20 mm 的石块占43.%~64.8%,平均50．4％;由此,常常造成其汇入的主河被堵塞而形成淹没和溃决后水毁等次生灾害。泥石流冲刷与淤积能力极强,运动中可将基岩下切10余m,金沙江、雅砻江、大渡河、岷江及其支流被泥石流堵塞成湖,形成淹没灾害,溃决后对下游造成严重的水毁灾害,均屡见不鲜。     

浅议保险对企业安全监督管理之作用

通过开展适合于保险和安全监管工作的风险评估体系的研究,充分发挥保险于安全监管的作用,从而为降低职工、企业乃至全社会的风险水平,为经济的可持续发展和社会稳定提供必要的保证。     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的初步筛选及条件试验

从活性污泥中筛选到18株絮凝剂产生菌,经复筛得到一株高效絮凝剂产生菌L-3.分别研究了碳源、氮源、无机盐、初始pH值、培养温度等对其产生絮凝剂的影响.结果表明,葡萄糖、玉米淀粉是较好的碳源,酵母膏为最佳氮源,最适宜培养温度为30 ℃,初始pH为7～9,摇床转速为160 r/min.     

蓄热式加热炉的系统安全分析

采用事故树分析法,分别选取加热炉爆炸事故和煤气中毒事故作为顶上事件,对蓄热式加热炉进行系统安全分析,并从监控系统,作业管理和设备三方面提出了增强其安全性的技术措施。     

Kalman最优平滑器在滑坡位移监测数据处理中的应用

针对传统方法中利用Kalman滤波器来处理物体的形变数据存在精度低的缺点,依据Kalman平滑比滤波的精度要高的原理,提出了将滑坡形变的估计问题视为Kalman平滑问题,而不仅仅是Kalman滤波问题;利用Kalman最优平滑器来处理滑坡位移监测数据,可使滑坡预测预报的精度得到较大提高,并在此基础上给出了一种固定区间平滑算法;最后,以龙羊峡龙西滑坡为例进行了实例分析,结果表明本文提出的方法是可行和有效的。此外,结论中针对实际运用中存在的问题提出了相应的建议。     

Research on 10-year tendency of China coal mine accidents and the characteristics of human factors

The trend of China coal mine accidents in the latest 10 years was studied and the human factors in these accidents were analyzed by multi-dimensional statistic analysis. It shows that the number of major coal mine accidents and the death toll in the accidents were decreasing steadily, while sporadic death accidents still accounted for the largest percentage of deaths. Gas outburst accidents, gas explosion accidents and mine water accidents remained the major part of the whole story and subject to close attention. Among the causes of these accidents, human factors accounted for 94.09%, of which intentional violation, mismanagement and defective design accounted for 35.43%, 55.12%, 3.54% respectively. Improper operational and management practices in which the safety system, procedures and specifications were neglected or broken were still key roots of China coal mine accidents.     

高炉渣制备光催化剂及其催化活性的研究

以废弃的冶金高炉渣为原料,采用混酸酸溶-水热合成法制备了光催化剂,并对其进行了SEM、UV-Vis、XRD、比表面积等物性测试分析;通过处理甲基橙模拟废水,探讨了制备过程中渣酸比、混酸配比、渣用量、溶渣时间等条件对高炉渣制光催化剂活性的影响。将所制光催化剂与P25光催化剂进行对比分析,结果表明,高炉渣制光催化剂不仅具有较高的光催化活性,而且制备成本低廉,仅为P25光催化剂的1/10,这对于冶金高炉渣的循环再利用及光催化氧化技术的工业化应用具有重要的实际意义。     

天然气管道失效个人生命风险评价技术研究

为研究天然气长输管道失效个人生命风险,提出一种以人员伤亡概率为指标的天然气管道失效后果风险评价方法。基于天然气管道的失效概率和失效致死长度参数,建立天然气长输管道生命风险评价模型。用该模型,对国内某城市住宅小区内带腐蚀缺陷的天然气管线进行定量风险分析。借鉴英国天然气输送公司数据,确定天然气管线个人生命风险值。案例证明,用所建立的天然气管道失效个人生命风险评价模型能够有效地分析带缺陷天然气管道失效后果,实现天然气管道的个人安全生命风险全定量评价。