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121.
Leachate recirculation or liquid injection in municipal solid waste landfills offers economic and environmental benefits. The key objective of this study was to carry out numerical evaluation of key design variables for leachate recirculation system consisting of vertical wells. In order to achieve the objective, numerical modeling was carried out using the finite-element model HYDRUS-2D. The following design parameters were evaluated by simulating liquid pressure head on the liner and the wetted width of the waste under steady-state flow conditions: (1) hydraulic conductivities of the waste and vertical well backfill; (2) liquid injection rate and dosing frequency; (3) well diameter, screen height and screen depth; and (4) hydraulic conductivity of the leachate collection system, slope of the leachate collection system and spacing of the leachate collection pipes. The key findings of this study are as follows. The well diameter, hydraulic conductivity of the well drainage pack, and screen height and screen depth of the well have very little effect on the wetted width for a given liquid flux. The wetted width and the injection pressure for a given liquid flux decrease with the increase in the hydraulic conductivity of the waste. The pressure head on the liner increases with the decrease in the vertical distance between the bottom of the well screen and the top of leachate collection system. The liquid injection flux increases with the decrease in hydraulic conductivity of the leachate collection system. Unlike sand (k approximately 10(-4)m/s), pea gravel (k approximately 0.01 m/s) resulted in less than 0.3m pressure head on the liner for all simulations carried out in this study. 相似文献
122.
Francois V Feuillade G Matejka G Lagier T Skhiri N 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2007,27(9):1259-1272
The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of leachate recirculation on the degradation of municipal solid wastes (bioreactor concept). The study was carried out using columns containing approximately 50 kg of waste, in order to follow waste degradation over a limited time. Three types of waste were studied: fresh waste of standard composition, fresh waste of fermentable composition and some 8-yr-old waste extracted from a site in France. Measurement of the global parameters, such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), volatile acidity, alkalinity, leachate conductivity, methane potential of the wastes and biogas production monitoring (volume of CO2 and CH4 produced), were carried out. The quantity of oxydizable matter and biogas production was increased by the leachate recirculation, and the duration of the first degradation phases was reduced in all cases. Chloride, ammonium and organic pollution accumulation was observed according to the duration of recirculation. After 400 days of degradation, waste stabilization seemed to be reached for all of the recirculated columns (COD<300 mg/L O2, and methane potential reached). 相似文献
123.
124.
Sediment characteristics are well known to interfere with toxicity, mainly through differences in terms of bioaccumulation. Here, with chironomids exposed to zinc in an artificial and a field sediment, we investigated the differences of zinc accumulation and of effects on the life cycle, at individual and population level. We used biology and energy-based modeling to analyze the data at all the levels of biological organization. This permits a reliable estimation of thresholds values for tissue residues. Differences in zinc tissue residues accounted for most of the differences between the results for both sediments (a factor of 11 for differences from 20 to 100 depending on the parameter which is considered). Taking into account accumulation and background variability, the differences relative to thresholds could be accounted for. However, it appeared that, once the threshold was passed, effects were much more pronounced for organisms exposed to artificial sediment compared to field sediment. We concluded that some sediment characteristics can enhance toxicity, in addition to their influence on the compound accumulation, even if the latter was the major source of differences in our study. 相似文献
125.
Oxidation of trichloroethene over metal oxide catalysts: kinetic studies and correlation with adsorption properties 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The performance of bulk chromium oxide is compared with that of a Mn commercial catalyst for the deep oxidation of trichloroethene (1000-2500ppmv, 55h(-1) space velocity) in air, in dry and wet (20000ppm of H(2)O) conditions, in terms of activity, selectivity and stability. Chromium oxide was found to be more active (on a catalyst weight basis), however its activity decreases continuously with time on stream. The presence of water increases its stability, the Mn catalyst showing the opposite behaviour. The effect of water on the Cr catalyst can be explained according to the Deacon equilibrium, as the presence of water tends to decrease the Cl(2) concentration, assumed to be responsible of the catalyst deactivation. Regarding to the selectivity, the Mn catalyst yields C(2)Cl(4), CCl(4) and CHCl(3) as organochlorinated by-products, whereas chromium oxide produces only trace amounts of CCl(4). Simple power-law kinetics expressions (first-order for Mn and zero-order for Cr) provide fairly good fits for the evolution of the conversion with the temperature. Furthermore, the kinetic behaviour of chromium oxide can be represented with a Langmuir-Hinshelwood model taking into account the chlorine inhibitory effect. 相似文献
126.
Gonzalez-Mendoza D Ceja-Moreno V Gold-Bouchot G Escobedo-Graciamedrano RM Del-Rio M Valdés-Lozano D Zapata-Perez O 《Chemosphere》2007,67(2):330-334
Two groups of Avicennia germinans plants with differences in the radical architecture were exposed under hydroponic conditions to 95ppm of cadmium (Cd) for a period of 24h. Later, Cd concentration in roots, stems and leaves was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Our results showed that, for both groups of plants, the roots accumulated higher concentration of Cd as compared to stems and leaves, though, the plants of group B displayed enhanced radical architecture, better growth performance, and lower Cd concentration as compared to plants of group A. In contrast, low values of leaves/roots Cd transportation index, and bioaccumulation factor were found in plants of group B. These results suggest that the higher radical architecture developed in plants of group B might better adjust the uptake of Cd as a result of an integrated network of multiple response processes for instances, production of organic acids, antioxidative replay, cell-wall lignification and/or suberization. Further studies will be focused in understanding the role of the radical system in mangrove plants with the rhizosphere activation and root adsorption to soil Cd under natural conditions. 相似文献
127.
Boivin ME Greve GD García-Meza JV Massieux B Sprenger W Kraak MH Breure AM Rutgers M Admiraal W 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,145(3):884-894
The aim of the present study was to investigate algal-bacterial interactions in a gradient of metal contaminated natural sediments. By means of multivariate techniques, we related the genetic structure (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DGGE) and the physiological structure (community-level physiological profiling, CLPP) of the bacterial communities to the species composition of the algal communities and to the abiotic environmental variables, including metal contamination. The results revealed that genetic and physiological structure of the bacterial communities correlated with the species composition of the algal community, but hardly to the level of metal pollution. This must be interpreted as an indication for a strong and species-specific linkage of algal and bacterial species in floodplain sediments. Metals were, however, not proven to affect either the algal or the bacterial communities of the Dutch river floodplains. 相似文献
128.
Effects of dissolved ammonium addition and host feeding with Artemia salina on photoacclimation of the hermatypic coral Stylophora pistillata 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
E. Titlyanov K. Bil' I. Fomina T. Titlyanova V. Leletkin N. Eden A. Malkin Z. Dubinsky 《Marine Biology》2000,137(3):463-472
Effects of nutrient treatments on photoacclimation of the hermatypic coral Stylophora pistillata (Esper) were studied. Studies on photoacclimation of colonies from different light regimes in the field were evaluated and
used to design laboratory experiments. Coral colonies were collected in the Gulf of Eilat (Israel) from January to March 1993.
Exterior branches of colonies from different depths (1 to 40 m) displayed different trends in production characteristics at
reduced and very low levels of illumination. From 24 ± 3% to 12 ± 2% of incident surface photosynthetic active radiation (PARo), zooxanthella population density and chlorophyll a+c per 106 zooxanthellae increased, a trend seen in the range of light levels optimal for coral growth (90 to 30% PARo). The P
max of CO2 per 106 zooxanthellae decreased, while P
max of CO2 per 103 polyps increased, indicating an increase in zooxanthella population density at low light levels. Proliferous zooxanthella
frequency (PZF, a measure of zooxanthella division) declined significantly at light levels <18 ± 3% PARo. At the lowest levels of illumination (<5% PARo), zooxanthella population density decreased, as did the PZF; chl a+c per 106 zooxanthellae was unchanged. In 28-d experiments, exterior coral branches from the upper surfaces of colonies from 3 m depth
(65 ± 4% PARo) were incubated in aquaria under bright (80 to 90% PARo), reduced (20 to 30% PARo), and extremely low (2 to 4% PARo) light intensities. At each light intensity, the corals were maintained in three feeding treatments: sea water (SW); ammonium
enriched SW (SW + N); SW with Artemia salina nauplii (SW + A). An increase in P
max of CO2 per 103 polyps was found in corals acclimated to reduced light (20 to 30% PARo) in nutrient-enriched SW, while in SW, where the increase in zooxanthella population density was smaller, it did not occur.
Nutrient enrichments (SW + N at 2 to 4% PARo and SW + A at 20 to 30% PARo) increased zooxanthella population density, but had no effect on chl a+c per 106 zooxanthellae. Acclimation for 14 d to reduced (10 to 20% PARo) and extremely low (1 to 3% PARo) light intensities shifted 14C photoassimilation into glycerol and other compounds (probably glycerides), rather than sugars. Both ammonium addition and
feeding with Artemia salina nauplii resulted in an increase in photosynthetic assimilation of 14C into amino acids. We conclude that acclimation to reduced light consists of two processes: an increase in photosynthetic
pigments and in zooxanthella population density. Both processes require nitrogen, the increase in zooxanthella population
density needing more; this adaptation is therefore limited in nitrogen-poor sea water.
Received: 19 June 1998 / Accepted: 13 June 2000 相似文献
129.
The endemic New Zealand echinoid, Evechinus chloroticus (Valenciennes), was sampled approximately monthly from September 1990 to October 1994 at three sites in Tory Channel, Marlborough
Sounds, New Zealand. These channel sites (outer, mid and inner) were up to 20 km from the open ocean and differed in their
shore type, exposure to wave action and macrophyte abundance. E. chloroticus showed an annual reproductive cycle at each site, with gametogenesis commencing in the late austral winter and spawning in
summer. Maximum gonad indices (reproductive potential) varied spatially, with the outer site generally having higher maximum
gonad indices than the inner site, and temporally, with maximum gonad indices occurring earlier in 3 of the 4 seasons at the
outer site than the inner site. The mid and inner sites showed much greater variation in maximum gonad indices (range 15.83
to 26.99% and 11.87 to 20.90%, respectively) than the outer site (range 19.31 to 22.95%). Reproductive output (weight of gametes
released per gram echinoid) also varied, with the different sites showing significantly different outputs in the different
years. A regression of maximum reproductive potential against reproductive output was significant ( p < 0.001), and had a positive slope with an r
2 of 0.79. While, the initiation of gametogenesis was relatively synchronous between sites and years, and is possibly cued
by increasing daylength, it progressed at different rates among populations. Spawning did show spatial and temporal variability,
occurring near the time of highest sea-surface temperatures (∼15 °C). The observed variations in reproductive cycle may be
related to small-scale variability in diet and environmental conditions. Furthermore, asynchronous spawning, variable spawning
duration, and variable reproductive output are likely to strongly influence annual recruitment variability in E. chloroticus, with different larval subpopulations contributing unequally in different years. The ecological consequences of this, both
for the ability of E. chloroticus to propagate itself in space and time and for the management of the developing E. chloroticus fishery in New Zealand, are discussed.
Received: 9 December 1998 / Accepted: 13 June 2000 相似文献
130.
The surface colour and temperature fields of the Mediterranean Sea, as appearing in time series, of basin-wide images available in the CZCS (1979–1985) and AVHRR (1982–1991) historical archives, differentiate between basin interior and continental margins affected by coastal patterns, river plumes, and mesoscale features. The original data were processed to apply calibration factors, to correct for atmospheric contamination, and to estimate chlorophyll-like pigment concentration and surface temperature. Composites were derived, as monthly and annual means, using a fixed equal-area projection with a 1-km2 pixel grid. Enhanced pigment values and lower temperatures along the northern coastal areas (i.e. the Ligurian, Provençal and Balearic basins, as well as the Adriatic, and Aegean Seas) have been associated with the impact of runoff from continental margins (i.e. both a direct impact due to the sediment load and one induced on the planktonic flora by the associated nutrient load) and with vertical mixing due to the prevailing winds (i.e. the Mistral in the northwest, the Bora in the Adriatic, the Etesians in the Aegean). The pattern of increasing pigments and decreasing temperatures in seen to develop in the monthly images from the coastal zone towards the open sea from summer to winter, and then back from winter to summer. The southern coastal areas show different values, namely lower pigments and higher temperatures (except in areas where the data are altered by signal contamination). It is suggested that differences in geomorphology and meteorology of the basin margins have an impact on both water biogeochemistry and dynamics, influencing the biooptical and thermal properties of the various sub-basins, and of the entire Mediterranean region. 相似文献