基于MODIS像元尺度的三峡库区植被覆盖度变化的地形分布特征

区域植被覆盖变化监测是研究资源环境承载力的基础，其对区域可持续发展至关重要。基于MODIS NDVI数据，采用像元二分模型计算了2001~2018年三峡库区植被覆盖度，结合植被覆盖度变化类型提取模型及分布指数，揭示了库区植被覆盖度变化在不同地形因子上的分布特征。研究表明：（1）三峡库区植被以高和中高覆盖度为主，其分别占库区总面积的65.72%和28.61%。18年来，库区年均植被覆盖度增长率为0.14%；（2）库区植被稳定类型占总面积的79.50%，植被改善占16.71%，植被退化占3.79%。26个区（县）中，长寿区、江北区等7区的植被改善面积小于植被退化面积，存在生态退化风险；（3）高程小于500 m、坡度小于6°的区域植被退化优势显著；高程500~1 100 m的区域植被改善为主导类型；坡度6°~15°的区域无明显优势分布；高程大于1 100 m、坡度大于15°的区域植被稳定和植被改善类型为优势分布；（4）库区不同坡向上，平坡上的植被退化类型显著，当坡向由阴坡向阳坡转变（西坡→南坡，北坡→东坡）时，植被覆盖度变化优势分布类型由植被退化型转变为植被改善型。研究结果揭示了三峡库区植被覆盖的空间分布和变化特征，对库区生态环境评价和植被恢复及保护具有一定的借鉴意义。     

“5.12”汶川地震极重灾区灾后 十年生态恢复状况评估

汶川地震发生10年后，通过对极重灾区生态系统类型解译和地面植被样方调查， GPP、LAI反演，以及对土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾和速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的测定与分析，综合评估了极重灾区植被和土壤恢复情况。结果表明：区域生态系统总体趋于稳定向好的恢复态势。2017年的裸露地表面积虽高于震前（2007年），但相对于震后（2008年后）已有所减少。从生态系统质量上来看：GPP、LAI均值在2014年以后呈持续缓慢上升状态，反映了区域生态系统总体良好的恢复力。但是部分在地震中损坏的森林生态系统，仍未恢复到原来状态。成都平原区域部分农田转变为城镇建设用地。至2017年，地震破坏迹地植物种类明显增加。但仍以蔷薇科、菊科和禾本科等先锋物种为主，与2009年的调查结果相似。地震破坏迹地的群落结构已得到了较好的恢复。垂直分层方面，除干旱河谷区域群落结构仅草本或灌草结合1个层次外，其余区域的群落结构已经形成乔木-灌木-草本3个层次；土壤肥力状况总体上对照点优于受损点，受损点土壤肥力状况仍呈恶化状态。地震造成的土壤裸露，加速了矿化过程，短期内受损点速效营养元素含量的增加，长期来看将导致营养元素的流失，土壤肥力下降。在加强地质灾害监管，预防次生灾害的基础上，龙门山前华西雨屏一带，自然植被应坚持自然恢复为主。干旱河谷区域可以按照“因地制宜，适地适树”原则，采取适当人工恢复措施，同时注意改善土壤养分条件，促进植被恢复；城镇建设过程中应加强国土空间管控，保护基本农田。同时，应加强对生态保护红线，以及包括基本农田在内的各级各类保护地的监管。     

湖南武陵山片区乡村转型时空演化特征及其影响因素分析

乡村转型是激发乡村发展活力，实现乡村可持续发展的重要路径。深入开展连片特困地区乡村转型发展研究对推动精准扶贫与乡村振兴有机衔接具有重要意义。通过构建乡村转型评价指标体系，采用均方差决策法、地理探测器等方法，对2006～2016年湖南武陵山片区乡村转型时空演化特征及其影响因素进行研究。研究表明：（1）湖南武陵山片区乡村转型度整体呈现出明显上升态势，乡村转型度较高的县域数量不断增加，乡村转型度较低的县域数量不断减少。（2）乡村转型度高值区主要分布在武陵源区、鹤城区、吉首市、冷水江市等县（市、区），低值区主要分布在片区的东南部和西北部，总体呈现出“中部高、西北-东南低”的空间格局特征。（3）湖南武陵山片区乡村转型空间分异是多种因素综合作用的结果，人均GDP、人均固定资产投资是主导因素，其次是人均地方财政收入、人均社会消费品零售额、人均储蓄存款；各影响因子之间的交互作用对乡村转型空间分异作用力更强。不同区域应合理有序推动乡村转型发展，从而实现精准扶贫与乡村振兴的有机衔接。     

木材在不同放置角度下火蔓延特性的实验研究

选用厚度为2 mm与3 mm的木材,研究了可碳化固体可燃物在静止氛围中不同角度下的火蔓延特性.研究表明,在不同角度范围内火蔓延经历着熄灭、稳定燃烧、加速燃烧以及快速燃烧等变化过程.对两种厚度的木材火蔓延行为对比分析发现,在自然对流条件下,两种厚度木材的火蔓延极限角度分别为-5°,5°.另外,研究了试样上下表面火焰参数与火蔓延速度之间的关系.在10°＜α＜60°范围内,火蔓延速度计算值与实验值能较好拟合.     

Photodegradation of bisphenol A in simulated lake water containing algae, humic acid and ferric ions

The photodegradation of bisphenol A (BPA), a suspected endocrine disruptor (ED), in simulated lake water containing algae, humic acid and Fe3+ ions was investigated. Algae, humic acid and Fe3+ ions enhanced the photodegradation of BPA. Photodegradation efficiency of BPA was 36% after 4h irradiation in the presence of 6.5 x 10(9) cells L(-1) raw Chlorella vulgaris, 4 mg L(-1) humic acid and 20 micromol L(-1) Fe3+. The photodegradation efficiency of BPA was higher in the presence of algae treated with ultrasonic than that without ultrasonic. The photodegradation efficiency of BPA in the water only containing algae treated with ultrasonic was 37% after 4h irradiation. The algae treated with heating can also enhance the photodegradation of BPA. This work helps environmental scientists to understand the photochemical behavior of BPA in lake water.     

浅谈青岛市雨水径流污染与控制措施

随着城市化的发展,水资源的污染和匮乏已经成为人们普遍关注的问题,而由此引出的对雨水径流污染的研究和控制也已不是新鲜话题。尤其对于将要承办2008年奥运会水上项目的青岛来说雨水的意义尤为重要。在对青岛市雨水水质实地调查后,结合国内外雨水研究的先进经验,对青岛市今后的雨水污染控制和利用提出了一些建议和意见。     

A moderated mediation test of personality,coping, and health among deployed soldiers

Our study examines how personality and coping influence soldiers' psychological health among 648 US Army personnel who were at that time deployed in Iraq at the height of an insurgency. Conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion were associated with different coping behaviors, and these were in turn related to psychological distress. Conscientiousness was positively associated with problem‐focused coping and negatively with avoidance coping, whereas neuroticism was most positively associated with avoidance coping. Extraversion was positively related to both seeking social support and avoidance coping. As expected, avoidance coping was positively associated with psychological distress. Coping style explained more variance in the relationship between personality and distress among soldiers who perceived higher levels of threat, thus supporting a moderated mediation hypothesis. We discuss implications for facilitating the stress coping of workers who face acute and potentially traumatic stress exposures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prediction of minimum ignition energy of aerosols using flame kernel modeling combined with flame front propagation theory

Flammable aerosols have created many fire and explosion hazards in the process industry, but the flammability of aerosols has not been fully understood. The minimum ignition energy has been widely used as an indicator for flammability of combustible mixtures, but the amount of experimental data on the minimum ignition energy of aerosols is very limited. In this work, the minimum ignition energy of tetralin aerosols is predicted using an integrated model. The model applies the flame front propagation theory in aerosol systems to the growth of the flame kernel, which was created during the spark discharge in the ignition process. The aerosol minimum ignition energy was defined as the minimum level of energy in the initial flame kernel to maintain the kernel temperature above the minimum ignition temperature of 1073 K specific for tetralin aerosols during the kernel growth. The minimum ignition energy obtained in the model is influenced by the fuel-air equivalence ratio and the size of the aerosol droplets. For tetralin aerosols of 40 μm diameter, E_min decreases significantly from 0.32 mJ to 4.3 × 10 e⁻³ mJ when the equivalence ratio rises from 0.57 to 1.0. For tetralin aerosols of 0.57 equivalence ratio, E_min increases from as 0.09 mJ to 0.32 mJ when the droplet diameter rises from 10 μm to 60 μm. The trends are in agreement with previous experimental observations. The method used in current work has the potential to prediction of the minimum ignition energy of aerosol.