可燃固体表面火蔓延行为研究进展与展望

固体可燃物表面火蔓延是森林火灾、建筑火灾以及工业火灾中普遍存在的燃烧现象,是火灾研究的基础问题。对固体可燃物表面火蔓延行为进行分类,评述国内外的固体可燃物表面火蔓延行为研究现状和目前存在的主要问题。总结固体可燃物表面火蔓延试验研究的技术手段,对比分析不同因素对建立固体可燃物表面火蔓延行为理论模型的影响。这些因素包括环境流场、化学反应动力学、热解气体组分和炭化过程等。概要介绍固体可燃物表面火蔓延计算模拟的优势。最后指出固体可燃物火蔓延行为研究的发展趋势,并提出未来若干重点研究方向。     

高应力煤巷卸压孔布置方式对卸压效果影响分析

高应力是造成深部煤巷大变形的主要因素。钻孔卸压已成为高应力区围岩稳定性控制的主要方法之一。基于钻孔卸压原理,以实际工程为背景,设计了三种卸压孔布置方式,并采用数值模拟的方法对不同卸压孔布置方式的卸压效果进行计算和对比分析。结果表明:卸压孔布置方式对卸压效果影响显著,卸压孔五花布置时,卸压效果最为明显;卸压孔周围形成卸压圈,卸压圈相互叠加,卸压范围增大;巷帮布置卸压孔使巷道周边形成的应力峰值向远离巷道的围岩深部移动,五花布置卸压孔时,不仅能够使应力峰值向深部转移,而且降低了应力峰值,有效改善围岩应力环境;卸压孔产生的卸压区,为巷道围岩提供给了一定的变形补偿空间,减小了巷道变形,卸压孔五花布置时,巷道变形最小,与无卸压孔时相比,巷道实体煤帮整体变形量减小了73.9%,顶板最大沉降量减小了40%,控制变形效果明显。     

建设工程融合式外部安全监管研究

介绍了融合式外部安全监管的提出背景以及在此背景下的具体内涵;融合式外部监管的任务是按照企业、项目的安全生产目标以及国家安全生产的相关法律法规、标准规范而制定的,其相关的工作内容主要以项目安全总监的工作角色为主要载体进行开展,既包括了对项目管理行为的监管,又包括了对项目隐患和违章现象的制止和约束;介绍了安全总监约谈制度的内容,并对安全总监的监管流程进行了说明,包括具体的管理手段和措施;最后指出项目安全总监的在项目管理中的角色是项目安全生产第一监管人。     

石油加工过程硫转移分布及风险分析

以典型高硫原油加工炼厂为研究对象,选取常减压蒸馏装置、加氢处理装置、延迟焦化、催化裂化等硫化物处理量较大的装置进行硫转移分析,研究石油加工过程中硫迁移分布规律;以硫迁移分布规律为基础,结合各装置中硫的类型分布,分析各装置存在的主要风险,并提出控制建议,为各装置的风险管理提供依据。     

南方典型水源地及水产养殖区抗生素的复合污染特征及生态风险

抗生素作为生长促进剂和疾病预防控制药物在水产养殖领域得到广泛应用,目前在许多环境水体中检测到不同类型的抗生素。环境中抗生素的残留问题也是目前环境研究的热点问题之一。本研究选择南方某市8个水源地和5个典型水产养殖区作为研究对象,采用固相萃取、高效液相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱联用仪方法,调查了32种常用抗生素在水体中的含量水平和空间分布特征,揭示了抗生素的来源,并对其生态风险进行了评价。水源地共检出12种抗生素,浓度范围为0.12～44.6 ng·L~(-1),以磺胺甲噁唑含量最高;水产养殖区检出14种抗生素,浓度范围为0.95～716 ng·L~(-1),以氯四环素检出浓度最高。整体上水产养殖区抗生素的浓度高于水源地。抗生素浓度与环境因子的冗余分析表明,水产养殖和生活污水排放是水体中抗生素的主要来源。对检出的13种抗生素进行生态风险评价,单一抗生素而言,环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、磺胺嘧啶、氯四环素和脱水红霉素的风险商值大于0.01而小于0.1,表现为低风险。总抗生素风险商值加和在大部分水源地大于0.01而小于0.1,表现为低风险;总抗生素风险商值加和在2个水产养殖区大于0.1,表现为中等风险,水产养殖区抗生素的长期生态风险应该引起关注。     

基于高通量分析方法的长江干流重庆段抗生素种类特征及来源初探

采用高通量分析方法对长江干流重庆段11个流域断面、2个市政污水处理厂进水和6个养殖场废水的潜在抗生素进行筛查,并结合抗生素使用调查探讨其来源。结果表明,(1)共检出83种抗生素,其中流域内检出36种,污水处理厂和养殖场废水中检出70种;磺胺间甲氧嘧啶检出率最高,在流域水体和废水的检出率分别为91%和55%,喹诺酮类是检出抗生素的主要类型;(2)长江干流重庆段下游检出抗生素数量高于上游检出抗生素;(3)有20种抗生素可能由上游携带和重庆市内排放2种方式进入流域,7种抗生素可能由上游携带入境,9种抗生素可能由重庆市内排放引入长江。     

乙虫腈悬浮剂对新出房意大利蜜蜂的毒性研究

乙虫腈是在我国登记并广泛使用的氟虫腈替代药剂,其商品化制剂为拜尔公司研发的100 g·L~(-1)悬浮剂,目前关于乙虫腈制剂对非靶标生物的毒性研究少有报道。为探究乙虫腈制剂对蜜蜂的毒性作用,采用人工饲喂法分别测定了100 g·L~(-1)乙虫腈悬浮剂对新出房意大利蜜蜂的48 h急性和14 d慢性毒性作用。结果显示:乙虫腈悬浮剂对新出房意大利蜜蜂的48 hLC_(50)值为0.21 mg·L~(-1)(95%置信限0.16～0.26 mg·L~(-1)),相应的48 h-LD50为5.0×10~(-3)μg a.i.·蜂~(-1)(95%置信限1.0×10~(-3)～1.0×10~(-2)μg a.i.·蜂~(-1));在亚致死剂量下,蜜蜂死亡数量随暴露时间的延长而增多,且100 g·L~(-1)乙虫腈悬浮剂会引起蜜蜂显著的氧化应激反应,诱导抗氧化酶SOD和CAT活力、脂质过氧化产物MDA含量、解毒酶GST活力和底物GSH含量的显著变化。研究表明,乙虫腈悬浮剂对意大利蜜蜂毒性较高,即使在亚致死剂量下亦存在显著的影响。田间施用应防止药剂的漂移污染,并避免在作物花期施用;新出房意大利蜜蜂对药剂敏感,未来可探索其作为风险指示生物应用的可能。     

岩体爆破破坏效应颗粒流数值模拟验证研究

采用颗粒流方法对岩体爆炸破岩过程进行数值模拟,将集中药包作用下的爆炸球面波等效为三角形波脉冲,根据颗粒离散元原理建立了点膨胀加载法和动边界处理法,结合动三轴试验标定的细观力学参数,建立了颗粒离散元爆炸应力波传播分析模型。利用数值模拟进行了爆破破岩机理分析,探讨了不同埋深、炸点膨胀比、炮孔压力对爆破效果的影响,给出了数值模拟时合适的炸点膨胀比与峰值压力取值范围,并根据爆破工程实践对爆破漏斗效应、微差爆破效应进行了验证。研究方法简单可靠,可反映岩体爆炸应力波传播规律,动态表征岩体的破坏过程,有助于进一步加深对工程爆破效应的认识。     

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) exchange fluxes between cotton fields and the atmosphere in the arid area in Xinjiang,China

Due to the important roles of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) in atmospheric chemistry, this study was designed to determine different proportions of COS and CS₂ fluxes contributed from different sources, i.e., vegetation, soil and roots, at monthly and hourly timescales in the arid area in Xinjiang, China. Results indicated that the seasonal net uptake of COS by vegetation was predominant in the growing season. The CS₂ fluxes from vegetation and soils had no significant seasonal variations compared with COS. The exchange rates of COS and CS₂ have been found to be stimulated by the addition of nutrients in the form of urea fertilizer. Compared with the results of plots that were treated only with nitrogen, the treatments with both nitrogen and sulfur displayed no significant difference in the exchange fluxes. The results of compartment experiments indicated that the aboveground plants had the highest uptake of COS and had a vital role in the uptake of COS during the main growth period. The shares of COS emissions from the soil and roots increased to 6–17% and 55–58%, respectively, in the total COS fluxes when conditions, such as drought and senescence, were unfavorable for the developmental of vegetation. Observations of the preliminary diurnal fluxes indicated that the fluxes that occurred at night, with contributions from soils and plants, accounted for 27% of the total daily uptake of COS uptake. These quantitative results may be reasonably accounted for the use of COS as a promising tracer to obtain independent constraints on terrestrial carbon exchange at regional to global scales for their response to special environmental conditions in semiarid area.

     

Recovery of Ni(II) from real electroplating wastewater using fixed-bed resin adsorption and subsequent electrodeposition

Resin adsorption and subsequent electrodeposition were used for nickel recovery. Treated wastewater can meet the Electroplating Pollutant Discharge Standard. The spent resin is completely regenerated by 3 BV of 4% HCl solution. 95.6% of nickel in concentrated eluent was recovered by electrodeposition. Effective recovery of high-value heavy metals from electroplating wastewater is of great significance, but recovering nickel ions from real electroplating wastewater as nickel sheet has not been reported. In this study, the pilot-scale fixed-bed resin adsorption was conducted to recover Ni(II) ions from real nickel plating wastewater, and then the concentrated Ni(II) ions in the regenerated solution were reduced to nickel sheet via electrodeposition. A commercial cation-exchange resin was selected and the optimal resin adsorption and regeneration conditions were investigated. The resin exhibited an adsorption capacity of 63 mg/g for Ni(II) ions, and the average amount of treated water was 84.6 bed volumes (BV) in the pilot-scale experiments. After the adsorption by two ion-exchange resin columns in series and one chelating resin column, the concentrations of Ni(II) in the treated wastewater were below 0.1 mg/L. After the regeneration of the spent resin using 3 BV of 4% (w/w) HCl solution, 1.5 BV of concentrated neutral nickel solution (>30 g/L) was obtained and used in the subsequent electrodeposition process. Using the aeration method, alkali and water required in resin activation process were greatly reduced to 2 BV and 3 BV, respectively. Under the optimal electrodeposition conditions, 95.6% of Ni(II) in desorption eluent could be recovered as the elemental nickel on the cathode. The total treatment cost for the resin adsorption and regeneration as well as the electrodeposition was calculated.