输氧抽气技术在垃圾填埋场治理中的关键参数试验研究

输氧抽气技术是基于好氧降解原理对垃圾填埋场中固体废弃物实施原位处理的先进环保技术。采用该技术对垃圾填埋场中固体废弃物减量化研究,总结了技术应用中的关键参数:有效影响半径,最佳真空度等。结果表明抽气流量大小与影响半径密切相关,抽气影响半径建议取20~25 m,抽气系统最优负压为20 k Pa,同时在技术应用过程中应保证垃圾场表层覆盖层的密封性能,尽量减少空气的渗入。输氧抽气技术在垃圾场的成功实施为同类型场地治理提供工程技术参考。     

乙酸钠为电子供体时反硝化耦合甲烷化过程的数学模拟

基于化学计量学与生物力能学确定生化反应的理论反应式,结合multiplicative Monod及non-competitive Monod方程,建立了反硝化耦合甲烷化的数学模型。以乙酸钠为电子供体,厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,通过间歇实验获取模型的相关参数。结果表明:该模型能较好地分析反硝化耦合甲烷化过程底物降解、竞争规律及反硝化中间产物对甲烷化的抑制作用;预测气体的累积产气量及各菌群生物量变化。参数灵敏度分析表明:甲烷化、硝酸盐还原和亚硝酸盐过程的灵敏度因子分别为km,a、km,NO3和km,NO2,这证实最大比底物利用速率对底物降解过程影响最显著,其值分别为km,a=0.098 h-1,km,NO3=0.0824 h-1和km,NO2=0.0695 h-1。     

碳酸盐体系中pH对Cu2+诱导结晶过程的影响

在流化床中,以含Cu2+废水为处理对象,考察了碳酸盐体系中pH的改变对Cu2+诱导结晶过程的影响. 结果表明:当进水ρ(Cu2+)为200 mg/L、沉淀剂pH为10.2时,经回流系统拦截,微晶产率可降低0.5%~1.0%,Cu2+的去除率可达99.0%以上. 经XRD(X射线衍射)分析表明,结晶产物以碱式碳酸铜为主,晶型呈短杆状,尺寸较为均一;当沉淀剂pH升至12.2时,Cu2+的去除率降至95.0%,系统出水结晶产物晶型特征不明显,尺寸不均,XRD结果显示为氢氧化铜、碱式碳酸铜、碳酸钙等混合结晶产物,晶体衍射峰多存在宽化现象,表明高pH下结晶产物晶化程度较低.      

陕北水蚀风蚀交错区小流域苔藓结皮的空间特征及其影响因子

生物结皮是旱区普遍存在的活性地被物,在生态系统中发挥重要的生态功能,研究其发育特征与形成机理是有效管理和利用该资源的基础。退耕还林（草）工程实施以来,黄土高原地区生物结皮大面积发育,但相比荒漠地区,相关的研究工作还较薄弱。生物结皮的发育具有过程的复杂性和空间的分异性,诸多荒漠地区的研究结果不能直接外推至黄土高原地区。鉴于此,论文选择黄土高原典型小流域,通过全面调查和测算分析,应用GIS 软件,探讨了生物结皮的空间特征及其影响因子。结果表明：①流域内藓类共有2 科8 属13 种,狭网真藓、真藓、尖叶对齿藓分布最广;②苔藓结皮占绝对优势,面积为4.18 km²,占流域面积的60.7%,主要分布在干扰少、侵蚀弱、水分好的梁峁坡或梁峁顶上;③土壤、植被、坡向均对苔藓结皮的发育有显著影响。同黄土地相比,沙地苔藓结皮的覆盖度高、呈连片分布。乔、灌植被下的生物结皮发育优于草本群落,植被盖度对苔藓结皮产生先促进后抑制的作用（拐点约在覆盖度30%处）。总体上,阴坡生物结皮的覆盖度、厚度均高于阳坡。     

送出受限风电场有功功率控制系统设计与应用

针对目前风力发电的快速增长,部分风电集中接入地区电网送出线路及主变压器过载的问题越来越突出,影响了电网安全稳定运行的问题,依据宁夏杨家窑风电接入点电网设备运行特点,基于能量管理系统(Energy Management System,EMS),设计开发了风电场有功功率控制系统,以实现对风电场有功出力的自动控制。应用结果表明:该控制系统能有效地解决局部地区风电场出力受限的问题,对于解决同类风电集中接入点电网安全稳定运行有重要的参考意义。     

The feasibility of concentrated rural settlement in a context of post‐disaster reconstruction: a study of China

There is growing appreciation of the use of concentrated rural settlement as an effective means of implementing infrastructure projects and helping to achieve sustainable development in rural areas. This occurs in China through the exchange of rural residential land for urban construction. However, this policy has not been effective under normal circumstances (called development‐driven conditions) as frequently farmers are reluctant to accept such an exchange. By contrast, in a time of disaster, such as after the 2008 earthquake in Sichuan Province, China, rural victims have accepted this policy of rural residential land exchange. Employing game theory, this paper identifies the reasons for the different outcomes and it contends that the implementation of concentrated rural settlement practice under disaster‐induced conditions is more effective than its introduction under development‐driven conditions. The results of the analysis indicate that, in China, concentrated rural settlement is feasible in a context of post‐disaster reconstruction.     

北京某环路两侧土壤重金属污染风险评价

为了解北京市某环路两侧土壤重金属污染现状,对其22处采样截面的44个样品中的Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb总量进行测定,并用改进的BCR法对重金属形态进行分步提取和测定.结果表明,Cr、Pb和Cd的总量分别是北京地区土壤背景值的7.48、6.65和5.13倍;从提取形态来看,6种重金属主要以活性较低的还原态、氧化态和残渣态存在.采用4种评价方法从不同角度对研究区域土壤中重金属的污染风险进行了评价.基于总量的地累积评价结果显示,Cr、Pb和Cd污染级别最高,Ni、Cu和Zn次之;潜在生态风险指数法评价结果为Cd>Pb>Ni>Cr>Cu>Zn;基于形态学的评价方法 RAC风险评价法得到生物可利用性顺序为Zn>Cd>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cr;而次生相与原生相比值法的结论是生物潜在可利用性依次为Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu>Ni>Cr.     

Distribution and sources of phthalate esters in the topsoils of Beijing,China

Phthalate esters in the topsoil samples collected from Beijing were determined by derivatization and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques. The results showed that diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate ester (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate ester (DBP), dibutyl (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were found in the topsoils. The total concentrations of the five phthalate esters varied from 2.30 to 24.71 μg g^?1. According to phthalate esters (PAEs) control standards in soil of the USA, the standard exceeding rates of DMP, DBP, and DEHP were 100 %, 100 %, and 4.84 % in soils of Beijing, respectively. The rate of DBP exceeding soil remediation standard was 12.9 %. Overall, concentrations of PAEs in Beijing were at a high level in China. The concentrations of DBP, DEHP, and DIBP were high, and the total concentrations of all the phthalate esters were higher in the areas with intensive human activities than in the other areas, which may be related to the use of phthalate compounds (such as the use of plastic products). The total and individual concentrations of phthalate compounds were relatively low in the areas that used plastic films compared with other samples due to the diffusion of atmospheric motion, categories, and amounts of plastic products and other factors. The greatest contributor may be the usage amount of plastic products in people’s daily lives.     

采用TSF技术改善电力变压器运行的安全性

分析了无功功率和高次谐波对电力变压器的危害,介绍了晶闸管投切滤波器(TSF)装置的特点、结构原理．提出了TSF装置在工厂实际应用中的主电路结构,操作及控制方案。实践证明,TSF晶闸管投切滤波器装置起到了高效节能、优化电能质量的作用,保证了电网的安全运行。     

"孤岛"综放开采安全措施研究

根据“孤岛”综放工作面在开采各时期的矿压显现特征,研究了具有针对性的有效防治措施,执行后可实现安全生产,取得了良好的社会效益和经济效益,具有推广应用价值。