三峡库区水质和水龄数值模拟研究

三峡水库是我国重要的生态屏障和水资源战略储备库,保护水库的水质安全对于国家经济发展和社会稳定具有重要战略意义.本文基于EFDC模型模拟了2010-2014年三峡库区及主要支流的水动力水质过程,重点研究上游来水和重点支流对库区水质的影响及水龄变化特征,结果表明:①模型可定量研究重点支流输入对库区水质的影响,17条支流中仅...     

Changes of organic acid exudation and rhizosphere pH in rice plants under chromium stress.

The effect of chromium (Cr) stress on the changes of rhizosphere pH, organic acid exudation, and Cr accumulation in plants was studied using two rice genotypes differing in grain Cr accumulation. The results showed that rhizosphere pH increased with increasing level of Cr in the culture solution and with an extended time of Cr exposure. Among the six organic acids examined in this experiment, oxalic and malic acid contents were relatively higher, and had a significant positive correlation with the rhizosphere pH, indicating that they play an important role in changing rhizosphere pH. The Cr content in roots was significantly higher than that in stems and leaves. Cr accumulation in plants was significantly and positively correlated with rhizosphere pH, and the exudation of oxalic, malic and citric acids, suggesting that an increase in rhizosphere pH, and exudation of oxalic, malic and citric acid enhances Cr accumulation in rice plants.     

贡献率法确定三峡库区滑坡发育环境本底因子

滑坡发育环境本底因子的定量化求解是滑坡成因研究的重要课题.在传统方法的基础上,采用贡献牢法,即因子贡献率=因子贡献指数/因子贡献指数总数×100%,并通过GIS技术定量统计了三峡主要滑坡段(云阳-巫山)的滑坡与环境本底因子的区域相关关系,得到岩性、坡度、坡形、高差、坡向5个主要因子的贡献量,并评价了各个因子对滑坡发育的贡献程度.     

人类抗灾体适能理论架构的研究

介绍了河北省教育科学“十一五”规划课题——体育培养大学生抗灾体适能的实践研究的阶段性研究成果。基于生物学、心理学和社会学的理论研究,通过文献资料法、访谈法和开放式调查法,提出了抗灾体适能的概念,分析了抗灾体适能的内涵和外延,并就将抗灾体适能结构划分为三个维度进行了研究,探讨了人类抗灾体适能理论模型的研究框架,提出了通过体育途径培养抗灾体适能的初步设想。     

成都市城市环境与经济协调发展分析

从城市环境与经济发展的协调度方面分析了成都市１９９０－１９９７年间协调度的变化趋势,评估了成都市城市环境与经济协调发展的类型,得出了成都市属于总体协调发展类环境滞后型的结论。     

基于碳减排目标的省域碳生态补偿研究

基于低碳社会背景和碳减排目标,通过构建生态补偿理论框架,设定补偿模式、衡量准则、标准和补偿系数,建立了省域横向碳生态补偿模型,并对各省份进行了量化实证。结果表明:(1) 2015年,各省(除云南外)碳排放均大于碳吸收量,净碳排放总量达274. 60×103万t;(2)碳排放水平在空间分布上呈从东至西递减的态势,而各省碳汇是造成地均碳排放和建设用地地均碳排放空间分布差异的主要原因;(3)区内14省超出生态补偿阈值2 635. 30万t,以最适补偿水平需支付163. 00亿元,16省未达到生态补偿阈值,可获补偿91. 11亿元;(4)受经济发展水平、生态资源本底、碳排放目标强度等因素影响,生态补偿结果与经济发展水平呈空间同质,整体呈"东付西补"的分布状态。最后从构建以中央为主导的生态补偿模式、建立碳收支账户和完善多样化补偿方式等角度对省域横向碳生态补偿制度的建设提出了建议,以求为政府制定相关政策提供参考。     

石化装置安全仪表系统KooN表决结构的误跳车率定量分析

为了更准确量化安全仪表系统的误跳车率,基于联锁回路SIF中传感器、逻辑解算器、执行机构引发误跳车的不同失效机理和模型,考虑共因失效对误跳车率的影响,提出1种更符合实际并适用于异型KooN结构的新子系统误跳车率计算模型（STR of Non-identical Redundant System,SNRS）。针对SIF回路的误跳车率计算,建立了1种分析安全联锁SIF回路误跳车率（Reliability based Spurious Trip,RST）的计算框架。研究结果表明:以某聚丙烯装置第三反应器保护系统为例,将SNRS和RST方法与目前主流的多种计算方法进行数值计算对比,验证了方法的有效性,能够有效进行定量分析。     

基于工业生态化建设的工业园区环境管理研究

工业园区是产业集聚的载体,是区域经济发展的引擎。工业园区同时又是污染产生排放集中地,我国工业园区在发展过程中随着经济总量扩大、资源和能源消耗的增加,出现了大量的环境问题,阻碍了园区的可持续发展。工业园区的环境管理可以从园区层面出发解决污染问题,这是个既复杂又重要的工作。本文在分析工业园区发展历程的基础上揭示了目前工业园区存在的环境问题,以及管理方面存在的缺陷和不足,发现总体上园区环境管理水平较差。工业生态化建设为进行合理的园区环境管理提供了一个契机,本文针对我国工业园区的发展现状及发展趋势,提出基于工业生态化建设的工业园区环境管理的对策:1提升生态工业的意识,鼓励公众参与;2确立生态化建设思想,以生态化建设促进环境管理效率的提升;3加强工业生态化建设相关政策法规、规划的完善和实施;4构建工业生态化建设信息服务平台,以生态化建设来实现工业园区科学的环境管理。     

Effect of alginate on the aggregation kinetics of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs): bridging interaction and hetero-aggregation induced by Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript>

The stability of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) is expected to play a key role in the environmental risk assessment of nanotoxicity in aquatic systems. In this study, the effect of alginate (model polysaccharides) on the stability of CuO NPs in various environmentally relevant ionic strength conditions was investigated by using time-resolved dynamic light scattering. Significant aggregation of CuO NPs was observed in the presence of both monovalent and divalent cations. The critical coagulation concentrations (CCC) were 54.5 and 2.9 mM for NaNO₃ and Ca(NO₃)₂, respectively. The presence of alginate slowed nano-CuO aggregation rates over the entire NaNO₃ concentration range due to the combined electrostatic and steric effect. High concentrations of Ca²⁺ (>6 mM) resulted in stronger adsorption of alginate onto CuO NPs; however, enhanced aggregation of CuO NPs occurred simultaneously under the same conditions. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that the bridging interaction of alginate with Ca²⁺ might be an important mechanism for the enhanced aggregation. Furthermore, significant coagulation of the alginate molecules was observed in solutions of high Ca²⁺ concentrations, indicating a hetero-aggregation mechanism between the alginate-covered CuO NPs and the unabsorbed alginate. These results suggested a different aggregation mechanism of NPs might co-exist in aqueous systems enriched with natural organic matter, which should be taken into consideration in future studies.

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Graphical abstract Hetero-aggregation mechanism of CuO nanoparticles and alginate under high concentration of Ca²⁺

     

以聚己内酯作为生物反硝化固体碳源的研究

为解决水体因低碳氮比而导致脱氮效率差的问题,将颗粒聚己内酯(PCL)重新塑形为阶梯环状,研究其作为反硝化过程的生物膜载体与固相碳源的反硝化性能。结果表明,在静态实验中,平均反硝化速率为8.57 mg NO3-N/(L·h);反硝化过程为零级反应。连续填充床实验中,超过90%的硝酸盐可被去除,出水NO2-N质量浓度低于0.20 mg/L;出水NH3-N质量浓度略有上升;出水溶解性有机碳(DOC)先上升后降低至1 mg/L左右。电子扫描显微镜扫描显示,PCL阶梯环反应表面空隙率较高,表面生物膜以杆菌为主,反应后被明显腐蚀;液相色谱检测显示PCL阶梯环分子量反应前后略有下降,其结构未受到破坏;表明该材料适合作为反硝化反应的碳源的同时,又可以作为载体供微生物附着生长。