氧化-微絮凝-高速过滤应用于再生水生产的研究

以中国北方缺水地区污水再生利用为目标,采用常规滤料双层过滤探讨高速微絮凝、氧化过滤再生水处理技术,试验通过不同的滤料级配、滤层厚度的对比试验;采用3种混凝剂和3种助凝剂做筛选试验,发现采用1#混凝剂,HFO助凝剂做絮凝氧化剂效果较理想,得出高速微絮凝氧化过滤工艺处理城市污水厂二级出水的工艺是可行的。试验装置的滤池单位面积周期产水量为50m3/(m2.h),最佳工艺条件下出水浊度去除率为92.21%,平均浊度为0.889NTU;COD去除率为55.58%,平均为22.33mg/L;PO34--P去除率为84%,平均为0.135mg/L;色度去除率为80.7%,平均为1.45度,完全符合GB/T18920-2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水质》要求。     

生物过滤塔处理工业有机废气

选用生物载体作为反应器的填料,并利用沈阳北部污水处理厂的活性污泥对填料进行挂膜,由低到高通入工业有机气体进行驯化。在系统稳定后进行了生物过滤塔净化工业有机气体的实验研究。实验结果表明:入口气体浓度<25mg/m3时,有机废气的净化效率可保持在97%以上,当超过此值时,效率有明显下降。随着进口气体流量的增加,净化率逐渐下降,由入口流量为0.2m3/h时的97.2%下降到入口流量为0.8m3/h时的73.0%。湿度对净化率的影响较大,其中当湿度达到40%以上时,反应器有良好的去除效果。生物过滤塔的压降随着气体流量和填料高度的增加而增加。     

废物水泥窑共处置产品中重金属的释放特性

选用欧盟固体中无机组分有效量测试方法(EA NEN7371)和块状材料中无机组分的扩散实验方法(EA NEN7375),研究了模拟混凝土样品中重金属(Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb)的释放特性.结果表明,混凝土中重金属的有效释放量低于总量;不同重金属的有效释放量与总量比值差异较大.扩散控制是混凝土中Cr、Ni和Cd释放的主要机理,释放曲线与斜率为0.5的直线拟合较佳,且不同区间浸出量曲线的斜率均在0.35~0.65范围内;As在释放前期有延滞现象,但中后期仍以扩散控制为主;Pb的释放为溶解控制,受浸取液的pH值影响较大.重金属扩散系数负对数值按Pb相似文献   

加热移除废弃聚氨酯硬泡中CFC-11的研究

研究了聚氨酯硬泡在不同温度加热过程中的质量损失、生成的气体成分及硬泡结构变化,并对加热聚氨酯硬泡时所释放的发泡剂CFC-11(CCl3F)进行了测定.结果表明,在80~160℃加热聚氨酯硬泡时,CFC-11的释放速率随温度的增加而增加.将破碎后的硬泡颗粒在160℃下加热,既保证硬泡颗粒不发生热解反应,又使包裹和吸附于硬泡中的CFC-11移除速率最快.在160℃下加热过4mm筛硬泡颗粒1,2,4h后,可分别移除的CFC-11占硬泡颗粒中总量的84.5%、95.5%和96.6%,残余CFC-11则需足够长时间才可移除,而加热释放气体中CFC-11占82%~85%.     

昆明盆地城市化的孔隙水水质响应

通过对1992、2004年昆明市两期Landsat5 TM遥感影象数据的处理,结合区内连续的地下水水质监测资料,对昆明盆地城市化的孔隙水水质响应进行了分析。结果表明：2004年昆明市城区建成面积在1992的基础上扩大了两倍多,城市化的发展影响到孔隙水化学场的空间格局和降雨径流关系的变化。孔隙水矿化度在年际变化上呈现出稳步增加,缓慢下降以及日趋稳定3种类型。空间上,孔隙水水质响应与城市化发展密切相关。城市扩展的外围成为地下水恶化和污染物转移的主要区域,盆地东部的金马镇附近,孔隙水矿化度由20世纪90年代初的 500~600mg/L,上升至2000年的600~800mg/L,成为水质恶化较快的区域;滇池北端的草海周边区域,由于环境保护和污染治理的力度的加强,地下水矿化度总体呈下降趋势,而往南六甲-龙马一带的湖滨农业种植区,污染在持续,地下水矿化度不断升高。随着城市的向外扩张,主城中心地下水化学场日趋稳定,多年来地下水矿化度保持在600~730mg/L左右。城市化进程对地下水环境有着正负两方面的影响,因此不断完善城市基础设施建设,加强区域环境治理和水资源管理,才是城市的健康发展之路。     

不同C/N值下亚硝酸盐氧化菌和异养菌混合体系的微生物多样性

采用PCR-RFLP技术研究了不同C/N比下亚硝酸盐氧化菌及异养菌混合体系的微牛物多样性,并探讨了微生物菌群结构与其功能(硝化件能)的关系.C/N=0时,混合体系主要由自养菌和寡营养菌(85.1%)组成,包括亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)、拟杆菌门、α-变形菌纲、浮霉菌门和绿色非硫细菌中的一些菌株.C/N=0.44时,混合体系中的自养菌减少,异养菌(主要是γ-变形菌纲的成员)大量出现.C/N=8.82时,γ-变形菌纲的菌株尤其是反硝化菌Pseudomonas sp.占主导(93.8%),与此同时,随着C/N升高,该混合体系的硝化性能也由专一的亚硝酸盐氧化过程转变为同时硝化反硝化过程.微生物菌群结构的转变较好地解释了其硝化性能的改变.本研究揭示了微生物菌群结构与其功能的内在联系,同时表明PCR-RFLP技术与化学分析相结合是研究微生物菌群结构与功能的有力工具.图3表2参13     

Contributing institutional factors of rural environmental pollution in the process of modernization in China —In the perspective of the efficiency of environmental management system

With the development of rural pollution, its characteristic and institutional factor should be studied for pollution control through economics and sociology. Based on the data gathered from investigations by several government sectors, rural environmental pollution can be divided into two types by its sources: internal source type and external source type. The internal source type is the main component of rural pollution at present, which can be further divided into three types. Research shows that the contributing institutional factors of rural pollution issues and the effectiveness of environmental management system over rural pollution can be summarized as distinctiveness. In essence, the rural pollution issue results from the dualism of rural and urban areas’ inadaptability to rural modernization. In detail, the contributing factors can be summed up on three institutional levels. There are obvious loopholes in rural environmental management system which, in the meantime, is incapable and inadaptable to rural pollution control. There exist similar questions in the related public service system, which are intensified by inappropriate reform which brought about incompatible incentive in the recent years. However, in the eleventh five-year plan period, there are advantageous trends in the three institutional levels.     

Biological hydrogen production from organic wastewater by dark fermentation in China: Overview and prospects

Biological hydrogen production by dark fermentation is an important part of biological hydrogen production technologies. China is a typical developing country that heavily relies on fossil fuels; thus, new, clean, and sustainable energy development turns quite urgent. It is delightful that Chinese government has already drawn up several H₂ development policies since 1990s and provided financial aid to launch some H₂ development projects. In this paper, the research status on dark fermentative hydrogen production in China was summarized and analyzed. Subsequently, several new findings and achievements, with some of which transformed into scale-up tests, were highlighted. Moreover, some prospecting coupling processes with dark fermentation of hydrogen production were also proposed to attract more research interests in the future.     

Methane and carbon dioxide production from simulated anaerobic degradation of cattle carcasses

Approximately 2.2million cattle carcasses require disposal annually in the United States. Land burial is a convenient disposal method that has been widely used in animal production for disposal of both daily mortalities as well as during catastrophic mortality events. To date, greenhouse gas production after mortality burial has not been quantified, and this study represents the first attempt to quantify greenhouse gas emissions from land burial of animal carcasses. In this study, anaerobic decomposition of both homogenized and unhomogenized cattle carcass material was investigated using bench-scale reactors. Maximum yields of methane and carbon dioxide were 0.33 and 0.09m(3)/kg dry material, respectively, a higher methane yield than that previously reported for municipal solid waste. Variability in methane production rates were observed over time and between reactors. Based on our laboratory data, annual methane emissions from burial of cattle mortalities in the United States could total 1.6Tg CO(2) equivalents. Although this represents less than 1% of total emissions produced by the agricultural sector in 2009, greenhouse gas emissions from animal carcass burial may be significant if disposal of swine and poultry carcasses is also considered.     

Dawson结构磷钨钒杂多酸的表征及其光催化性能

通过FTIR、UV、循环伏安法对自制的Dawson结构磷钨钒杂多酸催化剂的结构及电化学性能进行表征.以甲基橙溶液模拟工业染料废水,考察了磷钨钒杂多酸光催化降解性能的影响因素.实验结果表明:自制磷钨钒杂多酸具有Dawson结构,表现出良好的电化学性能;在磷钨钒杂多酸加入量为1.5 g/L、初始甲基橙质量浓度为10 mg/L、紫外灯功率为500W的条件下,经紫外光照射200 min,甲基橙降解率可达98.3％.