可持续消费的三维伦理向度

20世纪以来,一系列具有全球性质的资源、环境、人口等问题日益凸显,人类经济社会的发展面临着严重的困境。无论是从人和自然的关系或是从人的全面发展角度,还是从消费的公平性角度来分析,纵欲享乐的消费主义方式都有很多无法回避的罪责,它不仅不利于人的全面发展,加剧人与自然的矛盾,而且激化了人与人之间的社会矛盾。正是通过对工业文明消费观的反思和批判,可持续消费伦理应运而生。可持续消费通过控制自身的消费保护资源、降低污染强度实现了人与自然共生共荣的伦理目标;通过节制过分的物质欲望、追求精神生活的完善增进了人与社会全面发展的伦理关怀;通过正确处理人类自身的当前利益和长远利益的关系、局部利益与整体利益关系强化了人与人和谐共处的伦理责任,可持续消费所具有的三维伦理向度,使其作为一种区别于传统消费方式的全新的消费方式和消费理念,成为人类应对危机理性的自觉和在新的历史发展时期的时代要求。     

Development Potentials and Policy Options of Biomass in China

Biomass, one of the most important renewable energies, is playing and will continue to play an important role in the future energy structure of the world. This article aims to analyze the position and role, assess the resource availability, discuss the geographic distribution, market scale and industry development, and present the policy options of biomass in China. The resource availability and geographical distribution of biomass byproducts are assessed in terms of crop residues, manure, forest and wood biomass byproducts, municipal waste and wastewater. The position of biomass use for power generation is just next to hydropower among types of renewable energy in China. The potential quantity of all biomass byproducts energy in 2004 is 3511 Mtce (Mtce is the abbreviation of million tons of coal equivalents and 1 Mtce is equal to10⁶ tce.), while the acquirable quantity is 460 Mtce. Biomass energy plays a critical role in rural regions of China. The geographical distribution and quantity of biomass byproducts resources depends mainly on the relationship between ecological zones and climate conditions. Our estimation shows that the total quantity of crop residues, manure, forest and wood biomass byproducts, municipal waste and wastewater resources are 728, 3926, 2175, 155 and 48240 Mt (million tons), respectively. Crop residues come mainly from the provinces of Henan, Shandong, Heilongjiang, Jilin and Sichuan. All manure is mainly located in the provinces of Henan, Shandong, Sichuan, Hebei and Hunan. Forest and wood biomass byproducts are mainly produced in the provinces or autonomous regions of Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, while most of municipal waste mainly comes from Guangdong, Shandong, Heilongjiang, Hubei and Jiangsu. Most of wastewater is largely discharged from advanced provinces like Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong and Henan. Biomass byproducts’ energy distribution also varies from province to province in China. Based on the analysis of the market scale and industry development, the article argues that China’s biomass energy industry is still at a very early stage of development and that Feed-in Tariffs (FIT) might be the best policy option for China to promote its development of biomass energy. A successful enforcement of FIT in China needs some policy combination of special capital subsidies, R&D funding, tax incentives and pricing.     

江苏沿海风能资源禀赋与开发利用研究

江苏沿海地区拥有丰富的风能资源,开发前景十分广阔,尤其是中部、南部地区拥有广阔的沿海滩涂和辐射沙洲,建设沿海风电场的条件优越,是打造江苏"海上三峡"新能源基地的希望所在。阐述了江苏沿海风能资源开发的重要意义,分析了沿海风能资源的禀赋与时空分布特点,指出江苏沿海岸区风能资源丰富,且沿海滩涂宽广,是建立大型风力发电场的理想之地,在此基础上提出发展江苏沿海绿色能源基地的构想。     

饮用水消毒副产物控制工艺研究进展

通过对氯、二氧化氯、紫外线等常见消毒工艺以及去除已生成消毒副产物的深度处理工艺进行了分析,探讨了各种消毒工艺的消毒性能和对消毒副产物的控制效果以及各种深度处理工艺对消毒副产物的去除性能,为实际水处理中消毒以及深度处理工艺的选择提供了参考。     

国际海洋保护区可持续性融资研究进展

本文以国际海洋保护区的各类融资渠道为出发点,从海洋保护区可持续性融资的理论框架、融资可持续的机制优选和技术保障、海洋保护区管理与可持续融资的关系,以及世界各地海洋保护区可持续性融资及评估的案例研究等方面,对20世纪90年代以来有关海洋保护区可持续性融资问题的国际研究文献进行梳理,并结合相关研究成果对海洋保护区可持续融资的关键点进行总结。可持续发展视角下的海洋保护区融资主要体现出以下特点:其一,环境介质影响、所辖区域海洋资源空间分布、生物运动和物质能量循环以及海洋生态系统沿海和大洋的两性特征等因素,导致的陆海保护区资金需求差异,决定了海洋保护区融资机制选择和融资运作有着不同于陆地生态系统和陆地保护区的特征。其二,国际海洋保护区区位、资源禀赋以及区域社会文化背景等的差异,决定了各海洋保护区的可持续融资并无一个统一的可资套用的模式,因此,开展对海洋保护区可持续性融资的本土化研究和区域性评估,应成为各保护区探索适合本区域特征的融资体系的自然选择。     

Occurrence,distribution, and multi-phase partitioning of triclocarban and triclosan in an urban river receiving wastewater treatment plants effluent in China

Occurrence, distribution, spatial and seasonal variations, and partitioning between aqueous phase and suspended particulate matters (SPM) of triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) in Xiaoqing River, which receives wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, were studied. The distribution of the total TCC and TCS levels in surface water and sediments along the river were discussed. The highest TCC and TCS concentrations were both found near the discharge port of WWTPs, and the TCC and TCS levels decreased downstream of the WWTPs as a result of their distances from the source of WWTP discharges. The mean values of TCC and TCS in low-flow season were 1.62 and 1.80 times, respectively, as much as in high-flow season in surface water. The study on partitioning of TCC and TCS between aqueous phase and SPM shown the mean level of dissolved TCC accounted for about 10 % of the total level in surface water, whereas the TCS level was about 30 %. The TCC concentrations detected in the surface sediment samples (0 to 5 cm) ranged from 226 to 1,956 ng/g, with a mean value of 733 ng/g. The TCS levels were between 85 and 705 ng/g, with a mean value of 255 ng/g. The distribution and variations of TCC and TCS in sediments along the river were highly consistent with those in the water phase. The TCC and TCS levels in deep sediments (5 to 10 cm) were significantly lower than those in surface sediments. The mean TCC level in surface sediments was about 2.4 times as much as in deep sediments, and the TCS level in surface sediments was 3.1 times as much as in deep sediments.     

巢湖蓝藻的机械清除工艺以及藻水分离实验研究简

对巢湖蓝藻进行机械清除以及藻水分离实验研究,实验采用的浮式围栏引导-机械清除-投加剥离液辅助机械清除工艺处理量大,除藻效率高,筛网过滤-浓缩-卧螺离心机脱水成藻泥的藻水分离工艺较为理想,藻泥含水率仅为89%。2011年5—10月在巢湖运用上述方法清除湖面水华蓝藻,共处理富藻水1.6万m³,得到藻泥970 t,累计清除蓝藻106.7 t（干重）。按照所清除蓝藻的总氮、总磷的平均含量计算,相当于从湖中移除了氮6.25 t,磷2.1 t。表明在富营养湖泊中水华蓝藻大量暴发时,采用上述方法除藻,对控制蓝藻水华污染,有效降低内源氮、磷等污染物负荷具有十分重要的作用。     

DO浓度对间歇曝气单级自养脱氮系统N2O排放的影响

以单级自养脱氮系统为研究对象,采用有效容积为15 L的SBBR反应器,系统进水NH+4-N浓度约为360 mg/L,控制温度为(30±2)℃,采用间歇曝气方式运行,曝气段DO浓度从2.4~2.6 mg/L逐渐下降到0.9~1.1 mg/L,研究了单级自养脱氮系统的脱氮性能与N2O排放情况。结果表明,反应器曝气段DO浓度从2.4~2.6 mg/L下降到0.9~1.1mg/L,系统TN去除率均达到80%,但在相同运行时间内的TN去除率依次降低,NH+4-N平均反应速率从0.19 mg/(L·min)降低至0.05 mg/(L·min),NO-3-N累计产生量稳定于14.9~16.5 mg/L,NO-2-N浓度在反应器内未产生明显的积累。随着曝气段DO浓度的下降,最大N2O释放速率逐渐降低,N2O累计释放量从73.8 mg下降到61.0 mg,N2O转化率介于2.4%~2.9%。     

气浮技术在膜生物反应器剩余污泥浓缩过程中的应用

污泥浓缩作为污泥处理的关键环节之一,开发高效的污泥浓缩工艺对于降低污泥含水率、提高脱水设备的运行效率、降低脱水能耗具有十分重要的意义。针对MBR污泥浓度高、污泥粒径小、污泥沉降性能较差等特点,故采用传统的重力浓缩和机械浓缩技术很难有效实现污泥浓缩。因此,尝试采用气浮浓缩技术降低污泥含水率的可行性。从气浮浓缩的中试结果来看,较适宜运行参数为:固体负荷为15 kg/(m2·h),水力负荷为1.5 m3/(m2·h),回流比为1,PAM投配率2‰(w/w干固体),溶气压力为0.4 MPa,气固比为0.03。经过中试设备进行气浮浓缩后,污泥含水率降低至96%左右。此外,还研究了采用气液多相泵系统对剩余污泥的浓缩效率,结果显示,该设备的使用相对于传统溶气气浮工艺,其优点表现在占地小、工程造价低以及运行成本低等方面。