CANON生物膜载体储存及活性恢复研究

采用不同活性恢复手段研究了短期低温（20d,15℃）储存及常温（25℃）低负荷运行后,CANON-MBBR反应器的活性恢复效果.结果显示,CANON悬浮载体经短期低温储存后,通过先恢复温度后缓慢提高进水负荷的方式可使其TN去除负荷恢复率达到102%.若在温度未恢复的基础上直接将进水负荷提升至原水平运行,CANON悬浮载体生物膜将无法维持正常的EPS含量而易发生脱膜现象,致使TN去除负荷恢复率仅为84%.另外,系统有一定基质浓度的基础上,经过25d常温（25℃）低负荷SBR运行后,通过同样的恢复手段可使TN去除负荷恢复率达到96%.通过微生物菌群分析,确定CANON-MBBR系统中功能微生物优势菌属分别为Nitrosomonas和Candidatus Kuenenia,采取合适的恢复手段使系统进入稳定运行阶段后,两者丰度均可分别达到11%以上及27%以上,且悬浮载体脱膜并未对微生物组成造成明显影响.     

C/N、DO和温度对SBBR高标准除磷脱氮效能的综合影响

以研发基于非工程措施的城镇污水高标准处理技术为目标,采用响应面分析方法,探究C/N、DO、温度等工艺参数对SBBR系统高标准除磷脱氮效能的综合影响。研究以C/N（A）、DO（B）和温度（C）为自变量,TN和PO₄3--P去除率为因变量,应用Box-Benhnken（BBD）试验设计方法,以及二次多项式模型,得出响应面方程:η（TN）=-70.76+7.58A+52.81B-0.36C+0.22AB-0.12AC+0.58BC-0.35A2-7.94B2+0.01C2,η（PO₄3--P）=-119.59+10.93A+72.91B+2.26C-1.50AB+0.05AC-0.13BC-0.33A2-6.86B2-0.07C2;ANOVA分析结果表明,DO和温度对系统除磷脱氮效能影响极显著,C/N对系统脱氮效能影响显著,其影响程度顺序为DO > 温度 > C/N,DO、温度对TN去除率的交互影响显著,C/N、DO对PO₄3--P去除率的交互影响显著;通过响应方程的构建,实现了系统参数与效能之间的量化,并通过试验验证了模型预测的最佳工况及其效能,研究结果可用于指导序批式生物膜高标准除磷脱氮系统参数的选择。在温度为23℃,C/N为9.5,DO为4 mg/L的条件下,SBBR系统的出水NH₄+-N、TN、PO₄3--P、COD浓度分别为3.9,5.0,0.4,40 mg/L,优于GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中一级A标准。     

城市黑臭水体污染现状、治理技术与对策

水体污染严重制约着我国生态环境的可持续发展,水体黑臭是水体污染的典型表现之一。通过对国内当前城市黑臭水体现状进行调查、分析,概括总结了城市黑臭水体的主要污染成因及致黑致臭机理,在对当前常用的城市黑臭水体评价方法、治理技术调查分析的基础上,重点剖析了城市黑臭水体治理技术的原理、优缺点及其适用性,最终从整治模式、公众参与及长效管理等角度提出下一步的工作建议,为城市水环境的治理及水体生态维护提供决策依据。     

Seasonal variation and sources of derivatized phenols in atmospheric fine particulate matter in North China Plain

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of derivatized phenols in Beijing and in Xinglong were performed from 2016 to 2017 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The results showed substantially more severe pollution in Beijing.Of the 14 compounds detected,the total average concentration was 100 ng/m~3 in Beijing,compared with 11.6 ng/m~3 in Xinglong.More specifically,concentration of nitro-aromatic compounds(NACs)(81.9 ng/m~3 in Beijing and 8.49 ng/m3 in Xinglong) was the highest,followed by aromatic acids(14.6 ng/m~3 in Beijing and 2.42 ng/m~3 in Xinglong) and aromatic aldehydes(3.62 ng/m~3 in Beijing and 0.681 ng/m~3 in Xinglong).In terms of seasonal variation,the highest concentrations were found for 4-nitrocatechol in winter in Beijing(79.1±63.9 ng/m~3) and 4-nitrophenol in winter in Xinglong(9.72±8.94 ng/m~3).The analysis also revealed diurnal variations across different seasons.Most compounds presented higher concentrations at night in winter because of the decreased boundary layer height and increased heating intensity.While some presented higher levels during the day,which attributed to the photo-oxidation process for summer and more biomass burning activities for autumn.Higher concentrations appeared in winter and autumn than in spring and summer,which resulted from more coal combustions and adverse meteorological conditions.The significant correlations among NACs indicated similar sources of pollution.Higher correlations presented within each subgroup than those between the subgroups.Good correlations between levoglucosan and nitrophenols,nitrocatechols,nitro salicylic acids,with correlation coefficients(r) of 0.66,0.69 and 0.69,respectively,indicating an important role of biomass burning among primary sources.     

晋江河口湿地红树林恢复对表层土壤氮磷的影响

近年来,由于沿海地区人为活动加剧导致河口湿地退化严重,采用红树植物进行人工恢复被认为是一种有效的修复方式。而关于土壤氮、磷方面的研究主要集中于天然红树林湿地,人工恢复对其影响方面的研究较少。该文以福建晋江河口恢复红树林湿地为研究对象,采用野外采样与室内实验相结合的方法,分析湿地恢复过程中不同种植模式下土壤氮、磷含量的变化特征,探究湿地恢复对其影响。结果表明:恢复区土壤总氮和总磷含量均高于对照,且不同混交方式和种植密度间均存在显著差异性,表明红树林恢复促进了湿地土壤氮、磷的积累,不同恢复模式对其含量产生影响。此外,河口区复杂的水文环境也可能是一个重要的影响因素。     

北黄海北部表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布特征及控制因素分析

为研究北黄海北部沉积物中多环芳烃（PAHs）的分布特征及控制因素,于2016年7月在北黄海北部采集31个表层沉积物,并对沉积物中16种PAHs、总有机碳（TOC）和粒度进行分析测定。研究结果表明:该海区沉积物中多环芳烃的总含量范围在3.54~93.07 ng/g之间,平均含量34.50 ng/g,在辽东半岛东岸多环芳烃的分布呈由近岸向外海逐渐递减的趋势,总体看该区域PAHs的污染处于较低水平。主成分分析表明该海区沉积物中多环芳烃的主要来源是化石燃料燃烧源和石油源。该区域有机碳的分布受鸭绿江物质输入的影响,自东向西含量逐渐递减。粒度则呈现长山列岛以东,颗粒较粗;长山列岛以西,颗粒较细,空间变化相对较小。进一步分析表明,PAHs的分布主要受鸭绿江、辽东沿岸中小河流以及黄河的物质来源的影响;此外,该区水动力条件也是影响多环芳烃分布的重要因素。     

Globally regional life cycle analysis of automotive lithium-ion nickel manganese cobalt batteries

Electric vehicles based on lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have seen rapid growth over the past decade as they are viewed as a cleaner alternative to conventional fossil-fuel burning vehicles, especially for local pollutant (nitrogen oxides [NO_x], sulfur oxides [SO_x], and particulate matter with diameters less than 2.5 and 10 μm [PM_2.5 and PM₁₀]) and CO₂ emissions. However, LIBs are known to have their own energy and environmental challenges. This study focuses on LIBs made of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), since they currently dominate the United States (US) and global automotive markets and will continue to do so into the foreseeable future. The effects of globalized production of NMC, especially LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂ (NMC111), are examined, considering the potential regional variability at several important stages of production. This study explores regional effects of alumina reduction and nickel refining, along with the production of NMC cathode, battery cells, and battery management systems. Of primary concern is how production of these battery materials and components in different parts of the world may impact the battery’s life cycle pollutant emissions and total energy and water consumption. Since energy sources for heat and electricity generation are subject to great regional variation, we anticipated significant variability in the energy and emissions associated with LIB production. We configured Argonne National Laboratory’s Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET®) model as the basis for this study with key input data from several world regions. In particular, the study examined LIB production in the US, China, Japan, South Korea, and Europe, with details of supply chains and the electrical grid in these regions. Results indicate that 27-kWh automotive NMC111 LIBs produced via a European-dominant supply chain generate 65 kg CO₂e/kWh, while those produced via a Chinese-dominant supply chain generate 100 kg CO₂e/kWh. Further, there are significant regional differences for local pollutants associated with LIB, especially SO_x emissions related to nickel production. We find that no single regional supply chain outperforms all others in every evaluation metric, but the data indicate that supply chains powered by renewable electricity provide the greatest emission reduction potential.

     

飞机典型液压管路系统减振优化计算方法研究

目的研究管道走向和卡箍位置对管道应力的影响。方法以飞机典型液压管路系统为优化对象,对管路系统及支持结构进行动力学参数化建模,使用MATLAB和MSC.NASTRAN构筑基于遗传算法的自动减振优化计算平台,以管壁结构和飞机支持结构的动态应力响应最小为优化目标,对管路走向(包括拐折位置、曲率半径)、卡箍位置进行优化计算,从而建立一种飞机管路系统设计中的自动减振优化计算方法。结果使用建立的减振优化计算平台优化计算设计后,飞机典型液压管路系统最大动态应力值降低了50%。结论提供的优化方法能够有效地通过优化管道布置参数降低应力水平。     

智慧水务背景下的供水管网漏损控制研究进展

供水管网漏损是国内外供水行业面临的普遍难题,不仅造成大量的水资源浪费,而且带来管网水质二次污染风险.因此,管网漏损控制一直是供水行业的研究热点.尤其是近年来智慧水务的发展,使管网基础信息与运行监测数据不断完善,大大推动了管网漏损控制技术的发展.综述了管网破损预测、管网漏损识别定位、管网漏损控制方案优化、数据质量控制与漏损管理系统等方面的研究进展,并分析了当前研究的特点与不足,以期为管网漏损控制技术的发展提供借鉴.