Recycling combustibles from aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) to improve fresh MSW incineration in Shanghai: Investigation of necessity and feasibility

Aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) excavated from landfills and dumpsites were characterized to analyze their fraction composition, moisture content, and lower heat value (LHV). The necessity and feasibility of recycling combustibles from aged MSW to improve the incineration of fresh MSW were investigated. The results showed that combustibles in aged MSW were easily separated from other components and than LHV of the separated combustibles are higher than 11000 kJ/kg. The fresh MSW are of high moisture contents with average LHV below 6500 kJ/kg, making their stable combustion difficult to maintain in MSW incinerators. For both fresh MSW and aged MSW, plastics are the main contributor to their LHV. To improve incineration of fresh MSW that are characterized with low LHV, combustibles separated from aged MSW were made into refuse derived fuel (RDF) pellets and were then added to fresh MSW by 2% wt.–5% wt. LHV variation and air supply resistance change of the MSW layer on the incinerator grate caused by the addition of RDF was checked, and no significant changes were found. No obvious difference was observed for the ‘burn-out time’ between RDF pellets and fresh MSW either. RDF made from aged MSW combustibles is found to be a promising auxiliary fuel to improve the incineration of fresh MSW, and aged MSW from old landfill cells and dumpsites can be finally disposed of jointly with fresh MSW by recycling combustible from the former to be coincinerated with the latter in the incineration plants.     

基于胶体化学和乳状液理论分析乳状液脱稳破乳机理及方法

乳状液中含有大量的油类和表面活性剂,并以微细的颗粒液珠高度分散在水中,具有相当的稳定性,根据胶体化学和乳状液理论,分析乳状液稳定的原因,从而提出相应的对其进行脱稳破乳除油的方法,这是处理乳状液废水的关键之所在,对乳状液的治理具有重要意义.     

原毛平革菌堆肥处理有害废弃物的可行性

原毛平革菌等白腐真菌对多环芳烃具有一定的降解能力。本研究以花园土、玉米芯加入蒽配成模拟含蒽废弃物,接入培养好的原毛平革菌后投入２器,保持温度２０℃,通气量０．１ｍ＾３／ｈ的条件作堆肥处理。经４２ｄ处理,蒽含量从５８００ｍｇ／ｋｇ降到１９６７．３６ｍｇ／ｋｇ,却除率为６６．０８％,表明原毛平革菌可有效用于有害废弃物的肥处理。     

不同堆料比对石油烃废弃物堆肥处理效率的影响

采用高温好氧堆肥化技术,研究了不同堆料比对石油烃废弃物堆肥处理效率的影响。实验设计难度降解有机物／易降解有机物（堆料比）分别为１：１１、１：３０和１：６０,结果表明：１：３０为最适堆料比,在这一条件下,废弃物中的石油烃经２８ｄ堆肥处理可达到５９．１２％的去除率。     

对硫磷的紫外光解研究

采用＾３１ＰＮＭＲ谱推测对硫磷的光解机理,拟合了对硫磷初级光解的动力学方程,详细地研究了光催化剂,酸度,溶解氧等因素对光解速率的影响。     

打印机墨粉燃烧特性的热分析

通过扫描电镜(SEM)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分别对墨粉的表面特征和成分进行分析,并对试样在不同升温速率下燃烧热失重行为进行了实验研究。分析研究表明,墨粉一旦达到着火点燃烧剧烈,燃烧过程处在动力区的时间较短,化学动力反应区在500℃以下。墨粉有不同升温速率下的燃烧特性,计算出燃烧反应动力学参数,为墨粉干法回收工艺过程燃烧防爆提供了较为可靠的基础数据。     

混合碳源浓度对单级好氧生物脱氮除磷的影响

以乙酸钠和丙酸钠1:2混合作为碳源,进水COD浓度分别为200,400,600,800mg/L,研究混合碳源浓度对单级好氧生物脱氮除磷的影响,并通过比较微生物体内储能物质的变化,探讨混合碳源浓度对生物脱氮除磷性能影响的机理.结果表明,当进水磷和氨氮浓度分别为12,30mg/L时,随着进水COD由200增加至800mg/L,磷去除率由39.9%提升至86.4%(氮去除率从13.5%提升至96.4%).进水COD为400mg/L时单位挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)的磷和氮去除量达到最高[分别为(4.31±0.08)和(6.15±0.22)mg/g].当进水COD由200增加至400mg/L时生物除磷活性增强,而COD继续增加会使污泥沉降性能变差,脱氮除磷生物活性降低.好氧吸磷和同步硝化反硝化主要由微生物体内储能物质多β羟基烷酸盐(PHA)驱动,当进水COD为400mg/L时单位VSS消耗的PHA最多.混合碳源浓度通过影响碳源的好氧代谢,使微生物体内储能物质的积累/转化量不同,进而影响系统的脱氮除磷性能.     

草甘膦对GC-1小鼠精原细胞的毒性作用及NAC的干预效应

为探讨41%草甘膦水溶液(农达)对雄性生殖细胞的毒性及其作用机制以及N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine, NAC)的干预效应。以GC-1小鼠精原细胞为受试细胞,设正常对照组、草甘膦染毒组(60、90、120、150、180 mg·L^-1)、NAC干预组(10 mmol·L^-1 NAC＋90 mg·L^-1农达)。MTT法检测细胞存活率,Giemsa染色法观察细胞的形态学改变,彗星试验检测细胞DNA损伤,比色法检测细胞培养液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)以及细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)及丙二醛(MDA)水平的变化。结果显示,随着草甘膦染毒浓度增加,细胞存活率逐渐下降(p<0.01),彗星阳性率逐渐升高(p<0.01);与对照组相比,草甘膦染毒组LDH活性增加(p<0.05,60 mg·L^-1组除外),MDA生成量增多(p<0.05),GSH含量降低(p<0.05)和SOD活性降低(p<0.05)。抗氧化剂NAC预处理具有相应的拮抗作用。研究表明,60～180 mg·L^-1浓度草甘膦对GC-1细胞有明显的损伤作用,其机制可能是草甘膦诱导氧化应激,导致细胞通透性增加和DNA损伤。抗氧化剂NAC对草甘膦的细胞毒性具有一定保护作用。     

Simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride from water by AI-Fe （hydr）oxides

A1-Fe （hydr）oxides with different A1/Fe molar ratios （4：1, 1：1, 1：4, 0：1） were prepared using a co- precipitation method and were then employed for simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride. The 4A1 ： Fe was superior to other adsorbents for removal of arsenate and fluoride in the pH range of 5.0-9.0. The adsorption capacity of the A1-Fe （hydr）oxides for arsenate and fluoride at pH 6.50.3 increased with increasing A1 content in the adsorbents. The linear relationship between the amount of OH released from the adsorbent and the amount of arsenate or fluoride adsorbent by 4A1 ： Fe indicated that the adsorption of arsenate and fluoride by A1- Fe （hydr）oxides was realized primarily through quantita- tive ligand exchange. Moreover, there was a very good correlation between the surface hydroxyl group densities of A1-Fe （hydr）oxides and their adsorption capacities for arsenate or fluoride. The highest adsorption capacity for arsenate and fluoride by 4A1 ： Fe is mainly ascribed to its highest surface hydroxyl group density besides its largest pHpzc. The dosage of adsorbent necessary to remove arsenate and fluoride to meet the drinking water standard was mainly determined by the presence of fluoride since fluoride was generally present in groundwater at much higher concentration than arsenate.     

生命线工程综合防灾规划决策方法研究与应用

在对生命线工程综合防灾规划编制的技术路线进行分析的基础上,引入了综合灾害指数的概念,提出了一种城市生命线工程综合防灾规划的决策方法,该方法利用综合灾害指数的计算来获得综合防灾规划的决策依据。在综合灾害指数的计算过程中,以给水工程综合防灾为例,采用层次分析法,得到10种灾害最终的评价权重;以地震灾害影响因素识别和地震灾害风险指标的计算为例给出潜在灾害的风险指标计算。最终以综合灾害指数为重要衡量标准,并结合生命线工程功能上的布局要求和系统的整体性要求来进行生命线工程的综合防灾规划。本方法在烟台市开发区生命线工程综合防灾规划中得到了实际应用,以期为我国其他城市的生命线工程综合防灾规划的编制提供借鉴。