微生物絮凝法处理养鱼污水

以枯草杆菌为絮凝产生菌,优化养鱼污水对其培养条件,探讨其降解污水有机物效果及增殖变化,并讨论分析絮凝活性分布、成分组成。结果表明：pH 6.7～7.8、碳氮比20～40、COD≥85 mg/L养鱼污水（灭菌）培养该菌36 h,其培养液（2 mL投量）对高岭土悬液的絮凝率达39.5%,养鱼污水COD去除率达47.2%,絮凝菌生长良好;该絮凝菌其絮凝活性物质是菌体分泌物,成分主要为多糖。     

The morphological structure of leaves and the dust-retaining capability of afforested plants in urban Guangzhou, South China

Purpose

Air pollution is a serious health problem throughout the world, exacerbating a wide range of respiratory and vascular illnesses in urban areas. The mass artificial plantation is very helpful to absorb dust and reduce pollution for conservation of the urban environment. The foliar surface of plants is an important receptor of atmospheric pollutants. Therefore, selection of suitable plant species for urban environment is very important.

Methods

The dust-retaining capability of urban trees in Guangzhou was determined at four different types of urban area, and the morphological traits of their leaves such as wax, cuticle, stomata, and trichomes were observed under a scanning electron microscope.

Results

It was determined that the dust-retaining capability of any given tree species is significantly different in the same place. Of the four studied tree species in the industrial area (IA) and commercial/traffic areas (CTA) type urban areas, the highest amounts of dust removed by Mangifera indica Linn was 12.723 and 1.482?g/m², respectively. However, in contrast, the equivalent maxima for Bauhinia blakeana is only 2.682?g/m² and 0.720?g/m², respectively. Different plant species have different leaf morphology. The leaf of M. indica has deep grooves and high stomata density which are in favor of dust-retained, and thus, their dust-retained capability is stronger, while B. blakeana has the cells and epicuticular wax with its stomata arranging regularly, resulting in poor dust catching capability. Leaf size was also shown to be related to dust capture for the four studied tree species.

Conclusions

The dust removal capacity of individual tree species should be taken into account in the management of greening plantation in and around an urban area. It was also shown that temporal variation in dust accumulation occurred over the 28-day observation period and this was discussed. Furthermore, spatial contrasts in dust accumulation were evidenced by the data. This reflected the differing pollution loadings of the four urban-type areas. The highest amount of dust accumulation was associated with the industrial area in which shipyard and steelworks occurred whilst the lowest dust accumulation was associated with the grounds of the University which was the control area.     

可渗透反应墙技术的水质净化特性

通过中试研究考察了可渗透反应墙(PRB)技术的动态水质净化特性。结果表明:(1)在动态条件下,PRB中试系统中COD、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN、TP去除率随水力停留时间(HRT)的延长而增加。当HRT为7.00h时,COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP去除率分别为59.4%、26.9%、76.6%、62.2%、82.0%。HRT的延长使难生物降解的有机物也得到部分降解,PRB中试系统中铁屑及新生态的[H]、铁离子的氧化还原作用可以大幅度提高水的可生化性。(2)PRB技术对COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP的去除主要发生在反应区前半段,而且PRB中试系统中COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP沿程的变化情况可用指数方程来描述,动态模型预测曲线拟合较好。同时,对于实际PRB技术工程,PRB技术选择适当的反应介质及介质配比是关键环节。     

芬顿氧化法处理水中酸性品红的研究

研究了酸性品红在Fenton体系中的降解过程,反应30 min后,在[Fe2+]0=0.06 mmol/L、[H2O2]0=0.3 mmol/L、pH=3、T=30℃的条件下,初始浓度为20 mg/L的酸性品红的去除率达到97%以上。升高反应温度,有利于Fenton体系中酸性品红的降解,但影响并不显著。根据不同温度下的速率常数,并结合Arrhenius方程求出了Fenton试剂降解酸性品红的反应活化能,仅为11.63 kJ/mol。C1?的存在对酸性品红在Fenton体系中的降解表现出明显的阻碍作用,并且随着C1?浓度的增加,抑制作用越来越大;SO24-和NO3-的存在也降低了Fenton试剂的氧化性能。     

重金属离子对活性污泥处理污水的影响

研究了Hg2+、Cd2+、Pb2+3种金属离子对活性污泥系统处理污水效能的影响。通过对出水理化指标和生物指标的测定反映Hg2+、Cd2+、Pb2+对活性污泥系统运转效能的影响。结果表明:实验第4 d,Hg2+(0.3、0.4、0.5和0.6 mg/L),Cd2+(15、20、25和30 mg/L)和Pb2+(300、400、600和800 mg/L)各实验组出水的COD、SVI等均有显著影响。在实验中得出,对COD影响最为明显的为浓度600 mg/L和800 mg/L Pb2+实验组,在第4 d时,出水的COD去除率已经为零。锐利楯纤虫对Hg2+的浓度变化耐受力较强;点钟虫对Cd2+的浓度变化耐受力较强;杯钟虫对Cd2+的浓度变化耐受力较强。锐利楯纤虫对Pb2+和Cd2+的浓度变化较为敏感;点钟虫对Hg2+的浓度变化较为敏感;小口钟虫对Pb2+的浓度变化较为敏感。     

A/O生物法处理石化废水的研究

为了处理水质组成复杂,毒性大、有机物浓度较高的石化废水,采用先厌氧后好氧（即A/O生物法）的处理方法。研究结果表明,石化废水经厌氧处理后,其好氧可生化性提高20％～40％;当厌氧反应器进水有机负荷为5.2kgCOD/m³·d,水力停留时间为24h时,BOD5去除率为85％,COD去除率为83％,油去除率为91.1％;当曝气池污泥负荷为0.45kgCOD/kgMLSS·d,水力停留时间为4h时,BOD₅去除率为94.1％,COD去除率为92.7％,油去除率为96.3％。系统COD总去除率为85％～96％,BOD₅总去除率为95％～99％。A/O生物法为石化废水处理提供了理论依据。     

我国3条高速公路隧道污染状况调查

为了控制高速公路隧道的空气和噪声污染,对中梁山,梧桐山和七道梁隧道进行了现场调查,结果表明,机械通风可以有效地控制隧道内的空气污染,隧道内的主要噪声声源是交通流,其所产生的噪声远超过规范值,因此,应积极开展隧道减噪技术研究。     

基于风险分析的流域优先有机污染物筛查:研究与应用

应用高通量分析方法对大清河流域47个沉积物中的潜在风险有机污染物进行了分析,共筛查到104种有毒有机污染物。应用基于风险分析的筛查体系对检出率高于10%的54种污染物进行了概率风险评估,筛查出11种具有潜在风险的流域优先有机污染物,包括农药(特草克、氨磺磷、枯莠隆)、工业用品及副产物(二苯胺、9,10-蒽醌、萘、2-甲基萘)及家庭及个人护理品(咖啡因、苯乙酮、苯甲酮、联苯)等。结果表明,基于风险分析的流域污染物筛查方法体系可成功地对流域内优先污染物进行识别与筛查,为流域管理提供科学依据。     

间伐对杉木人工林林下植被多样性及生物量的影响

对间伐了4年的杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata（Lamb.）Hook.）人工林林下植被的生物量和生物多样性进行了调查和分析。结果表明：林下植被相似系数随着间伐强度增加而增加;间伐显著提高了林下植被的物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon-Weiner指数和生物量（P〈0.05）,而对均匀度指数无显著影响（P〉0.05）;强度和中度间伐显著增加了灌木生物量,而草本生物量在弱度和中度间伐下显著增加（P〈0.05）;3种间伐强度均显著提高草本的物种丰富度、Simpson指数和Shannon-Weiner指数,而灌木的3种指数仅在强和中度间伐下得到显著提高（P〈0.05）。     

China's natural wetlands: past problems, current status, and future challenges

Natural wetlands, occupying 3.8% of China's land and providing 54.9% of ecosystem services, are unevenly distributed among eight wetland regions. Natural wetlands in China suffered great loss and degradation (e.g., 23.0% freshwater swamps, 51.2% costal wetlands) because of the wetland reclamation during China's long history of civilization, and the population pressure and the misguided policies over the last 50 years. Recently, with an improved understanding that healthy wetland ecosystems play a vital role in her sustainable economic development, China started major efforts in wetland conservation, as signified by the policy to return reclaimed croplands to wetlands, the funding of billions of dollars to restore degraded wetlands, and the national plan to place 90% of natural wetlands under protection by 2030. This paper describes the current status of the natural wetlands in China, reviews past problems, and discusses current efforts and future challenges in protecting China's natural wetlands.