放射性核素水环境质量标准研究进展

地球环境中广泛存在的放射性核素对人类和其他物种产生辐射安全风险,成为水环境质量的重要指标之一。随着人类生活水平和环境保护意识的提升,以及核与辐射安全复杂的国际形势,放射性核素水环境质量标准的关注度越来越高。饮用水水质标准中的放射性核素限值基于个人辐射剂量标准,评估方法已经建立,并在世界卫生组织、美国、加拿大和日本等国际组织和国家的饮用水水质标准中得到广泛应用。水环境质量标准中的放射性核素限值基于辐射环境、参考生物、个体单位时间内的辐射剂量限值,对此各国际组织和国家相继开展了放射性核素的生态风险评价研究,并逐步制定相关标准。与国际水平相比,我国水环境质量标准存在放射性核素指标数量少、修订频率滞后、科学适用性有待提升等问题。在我国核能发展与生态文明建设的新形势下,加强放射性核素的健康风险和生态风险评价研究,建立健全水环境质量标准中放射性核素指标体系成为我国水环境研究的紧迫任务。     

不同密度侧柏人工林碳储量变化及其机理初探

以徐州侧柏Platycladus orientalis（Linn）Franco人工林为研究对象,运用生物量转化方程及土壤调查数据探讨了1 679、2 250和3 074株.hm-2的3种密度对生态系统碳储量的影响及其机理。结果表明,①乔木层、土壤层和生态系统的碳储量均随林分密度的增加而明显减少,灌草层碳储量在低林分密度最大,而枯落物层碳储量在中林分密度最大。低林分密度生态系统的碳储量是94.11 t.hm-2,分别是中密度和高密度生态系统的碳储量1.19倍和1.28倍,而这种差异主要是由乔木层和土壤层碳储量差异引起的。②林分密度对细根生物量的影响不显著（P〉0.05）,而细根形态随林分密度的增加表现为低级根中1、2级根直径变粗,根长先变长后变短,比根长变短（P〈0.05）;而高级根中的5级根直径显著变细,根长和比根长变长（P〉0.05）。③林分密度对细根生物量的影响与乔木层、土壤层和生态系统碳储量的变化规律具有较高的一致性,均为低密度下最大,高密度下最小。因此,细根生物量可能是导致系统碳储量变化的主要因素之一。     

三苯基锡和五氯酚胁迫斑马鱼生理生化的影响

以斑马鱼(Brachy danio rerio)作为受试生物,分析不同暴露浓度、不同暴露时间三苯基锡(TPT)、五氯酚(PCP)对斑马鱼生理生化指标的影响,在0,1.05,2.09,4.18,6.27,8.36μg·L-1的TPT和0,5.01,10.02,20.04,40.08,80.16μg·L-1的PCP暴露下,...     

Global perspectives and future research directions for the phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil: A knowledge mapping analysis from 2001 to 2020

• The overall global perspective of the PHMCS field was obtained. • PHMCS research has flourished over the past two decades. • In total, 8 clusters were obtained, and many new hot topics emerged. • “Biochar,” “Drought,” “Nanoparticle,” etc., may be future hot topics. • Five future directions are proposed. In total, 9,552 documents were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection and subjected to knowledge mapping and visualization analysis for the field of phytoremediation of HM-contaminated soil (PHMCS) with CiteSpace 5.7 R3 software. The results showed that (1) the number of publications increased linearly over the studied period. The top 10 countries/regions, institutions and authors contributing to this field were exhibited. (2) Keyword co-occurrence cluster analysis revealed a total of 8 clusters, including “Bioremediation,” “Arsenic,” “Biochar,” “Oxidative stress,” “Hyperaccumulation,” “EDTA,” “Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,” and “Environmental pollution” clusters (3) In total, 334 keyword bursts were obtained, and the 25 strongest, longest duration, and newest keyboard bursts were analyzed in depth. The strongest keyword burst test showed that the hottest keywords could be divided into 7 groups, i.e., “Plant bioremediation materials,” “HM types,” “Chelating amendments,” “Other improved strategies,” “Bioremediation characteristics,” “Risk assessment,” and “Other.” Almost half of the newest topics had emerged in the past 3 years, including “biochar,” “drought,” “health risk assessment,” “electrokinetic remediation,” “nanoparticle,” and “intercropping.” (4) In total, 9 knowledge base clusters were obtained in this study. The studies of Ali et al. (2013), Blaylock et al. (1997), Huang et al. (1997), van der Ent et al. (2013), Salt et al. (1995), and Salt (1998), which had both high frequencies and the strongest burst scores, have had the most profound effects on PHMCS research. Finally, future research directions were proposed.     

DGGE技术及其在环境微生物中的应用

变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)具有可靠性强、重复性好、方便快捷等优点,已被广泛应用于环境科学和污染防治研究领域。介绍了变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)的基本原理和技术路线,重点介绍和讨论了DGGE技术在废水生物处理、废气生物处理和固废生物处理中的应用现状,并对该技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地污染型气溶胶垂直分布及其潜在来源

采用CALIPSO卫星level2气溶胶廓线产品,分析了2017年塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区气溶胶光学厚度、消光系数和气溶胶类型的时空分布特征,并利用HYSPLIT模式研究了秋冬季节污染型气溶胶的输送路径.结果表明：①研究区域内2017年气溶胶光学厚度均值在0.08~0.73之间变化,最大值出现在春季.②气溶胶消光系数分布在0~0.5 km^-1的频率最高,4 km以下的气溶胶消光系数高于4 km以上.春、夏、秋、冬四季气溶胶消光系数廓线的最大值分别为0.350、0.243、0.160、0.356 km^-1,分别出现在1.23、1.41、2.55、1.12 km高度处.③与春夏季相比,秋冬季节出现污染沙尘型气溶胶的频率更高,分别为23.4%、26.9%,污染大陆型气溶胶主要出现在冬季的0~2 km处,烟尘型气溶胶主要出现在秋季的6~8 km处.HYSPLIT模式模拟结果表明,秋冬季节沙漠腹地上空6 km处的污染型气溶胶与阿克苏、喀什等地区有关,2 km处的污染型气溶胶与和田地区有关,其中,喀什地区可能是沙漠腹地上空污染型气溶胶的主要源区.     

上海宝山区城市土壤铅污染来源的同位素判别

对上海市宝山区月浦公园和蕴川公路菜田采集的土壤柱样,进行了土壤粒度、铅(Pb)含量及其稳定同位素比值的垂向变化分析,以探讨土壤的铅污染特征及其来源.结果表明,菜田和公园土壤柱样中铅含量分别为17.2～34.8 mg.kg-1和17.5～36.5 mg.kg-1,菜田土壤207Pb/206Pb和208Pb/206Pb分别为0.827～0.849和2.082～2.101,公园土壤则为0.839～0.848和2.089～2.099.2个土壤柱样中铅含量及其富集因子(EF)、207Pb/206Pb和208Pb/206Pb比值都随深度增加而减小,菜田和公园表层土壤(表层10 cm)Pb的富集因子基本都大于1.5,指示了菜田和公园土壤表层较高含量的铅系人为活动外源输入所致.对比前人关于上海不同污染源铅稳定同位素比值的研究结果,菜田和公园表层土壤铅同位素特征介于长江河口潮间带沉积物和工业燃煤粉尘之间,且EF>1.5,样品更接近燃煤产物,说明宝山区表层土壤铅污染主要来自工矿企业燃煤所产生的粉尘.     

一次强降水过程TWP16风廓线雷达资料分析

利用TWP16风廓线雷达资料,对2019年8月10—15日"利奇马"台风在辽宁盘锦登陆引发的强降水天气过程进行诊断分析.结果表明,风廓线雷达资料从时间和空间上能准确清晰地对这次强降水的天气系统变化过程进行连续监测.对流层中下层径向速度大于9 m/s(极值为11.2 m/s)、SNR大于55 dB(极值为70 dB)、Cn2大于1.0×10–10、速度谱宽大于2.5 m/s是强降水发生发展阶段,整个大气层垂直风场运动与降水过程有着较好的对应关系.对流中下层垂直下沉速度数值越大,降水越强,SNR能够很好地揭示强降水发生、发展、结束时雷达接收到目标散射信号的强弱,Cn2最大值1.0×10–10出现的最大探测高度和持续时间与降水有密切的关系.降雨不同高度层内,速度谱宽与其降雨量存在着显著的线性关系,即降雨强度越强,速度谱宽数值越大,反之利用速度谱宽的变化趋势可以得到降水强的变化趋势.研究结果揭示了风廓线雷达水平风廓线、径向速度、SNR、速度谱宽与降雨强度之间的内在联系,为风廓线雷达应用在降雨天气监测提供了参考.     

粉煤灰制备高纯分子筛及对氨氮的去除

结合碱熔处理和引入晶种的方法,用粉煤灰制备出高纯的分子筛。运用XRD,SEM和BET等技术手段对制备的纯分子筛的晶体类型,形貌结构和物理参数等进行表征。通过续批实验,研究了p H值,投加量和初始氨氮浓度对氨氮去除的影响。实验结果表明,这些实验参数对于制备的分子筛去除氨氮有着重要的影响。其动力学行为非常符合准二级动力学方程。Langmuir方程能较好描述分子筛对氨氮的等温吸附过程,相关系数为0.9919。因此,利用粉煤灰制备高纯分子筛可以高效去除氨氮并达到"以废治废"的价值。     

Exposure to PCBs, through inhalation, dermal contact and dust ingestion at Taizhou, China--a major site for recycling transformers

Air samples containing gaseous and particulate phases were collected from e-waste workplaces and residential areas of an intensive e-waste recycling area and compared with a reference site. The highest total concentration of PCBs was detected at transformer recycling workshops (17.6 ng m(-3)), followed by the residential area (3.37 ng m(-3)) at Taizhou, and the lowest was obtained at the residential area of the reference site, Lin'an (0.46 ng m(-3)). The same trend was also observed with regards to PCB levels in dust samples. The highest average PCBs level of 2824 ng g(-1) (dry wt) was found in the transformer recycling workshops, and was significantly higher than that of residential areas of Taizhou (572 ng g(-1) dry wt) and Lin'an (42.4 ng g(-1) dry wt). WHO-PCB-TEQ level in the workshops of Taizhou was 2216 pg TEQ(1998)g(-1) dry wt or 2159 pg TEQ(2005)g(-1) dry wt, due to the high abundance of PCB 126 (21.5 ng g(-1) dry wt), which contributed 97% or 99% of WHO-PCB-TEQs. The estimated intake of PCBs via dust ingestion and dermal absorption by transformer recycling workers were 77.5×10(-5) and 36.0×10(-5) pg WHO-PCB-TEQ(1998)kg(-1)d(-1), and 67.3×10(-5) and 31.3×10(-5) pg WHO-PCB-TEQ(2005)kg(-1)d(-1), respectively.