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51.
Dwivedi S Misra PK Tripathi RD Rai UN Dwivedi CP Baghel VS Suseela MR Srivastava MN 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2005,26(3):495-503
In the course of systematic and ecological studies on algal flora of fresh water environment of three different agroclimatic zone of Uttar Pradesh revealed one hundred eighty two species represented by fifty-two genera inhabiting fresh water bodies having different physico-chemical properties. In both the regions members of order Conjugales were dominant and represented by ninety nine species belonging to fourteen genera. This is followed by Chlorococcales having fifty two species represented by nineteen genera and Chaetophorales with nine species of four genera only. In the central Uttar Pradesh a positive correlation was found between hydrogen ions concentration with temperature and species diversity, while in western Uttar Pradesh a highly positive correlation was found in electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. 相似文献
52.
Cadmium is perhaps environmentally the most significant heavy metal in soils. Bioavailability, remobilization and fate of Cd entering in soils are usually controlled by adsorption-desorption reactions on Fe oxides. Adsorption of Cd on soil colloids including Fe oxides has been extensively studied but Cd desorption from such soil minerals has received relatively little attention. Some factors that affect Cd adsorption on goethite include pH, temperature, aging, type of index cations, Cd concentrations, solution ionic strength and presence of organic and inorganic ions. This research was conducted to study the influence of pH, temperature and aging on Cd desorption from goethite. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate Cd desorption from goethite with 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2. In these experiments Cd desorption was observed at 20, 40 and 70 degrees C in combination with aging for 16 h, 30, 90 and 180 d from goethite that adsorbed Cd from solutions containing initial Cd concentrations of 20, 80 and 180 microM. Following the adsorption step Cd desorption was measured by 15 successive desorptions after aging at various temperatures. At the lowest amount of initially adsorbed Cd and equilibrium pH 5.5, cumulative Cd desorption decreased from 71% to 17% with aging from 16 h to 180 d and the corresponding decrease at equilibrium pH 6.0 was from 32% to 3%. There was a substantial decrease in Cd desorption with increasing equilibration temperature. For example, in goethite with the lowest amount of initial adsorption at equilibrium pH 5.5, cumulative Cd desorption decreased from 71% to 31% with increase in temperature from 20 to 70 degrees C, even after 16 h. Dissolution of Cd adsorbed goethite in 1M HCl, after 15 successive desorptions with 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2, indicated that approximately 60% of the Cd was surface adsorbed. Overall, dissolution kinetics data revealed that 23% to 88% Cd could not be desorbed, which could possibly be diffused into the cracks and got entrapped in goethite crystals. At elevated temperature increased equilibrium solution pH favoured the formation of CaCO3 and CdCO3 which reasonably decreased Cd desorption. Cadmium speciation showed the formation of calcite and otavite minerals at 40 and 70 degrees C due to increase in pH (>9.5) during aging. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) of these samples also revealed the formation of CaCO3 at elevated temperatures with aging. While mechanisms such as Cd diffusion and/or entrapment into fissures and cracks in goethite structure with increase in temperature and aging are possible. 相似文献
53.
Monica Rawat A. P. Rawat Krishna Giri J. P. N. Rai 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(8):5198-5211
Chromate-resistant bacterial strain isolated from the soil of tannery was studied for Cr(VI) bioaccumulation in free and immobilised cells to evaluate its applicability in chromium removal from aqueous solution. Based on the comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, and phenotypic and biochemical characterization, this strain was identified as Paenibacillus xylanilyticus MR12. Mechanism of Cr adsorption was also ascertained by chemical modifications of the bacterial biomass followed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the cell wall constituents. The equilibrium biosorption analysed using isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Redushkevich) and kinetics models (pseudo-first-order, second-order and Weber–Morris) revealed that the Langmuir model best correlated to experimental data, and Weber–Morris equation well described Cr(VI) biosorption kinetics. Polyvinyl alcohol alginate immobilised cells had the highest Cr(VI) removal efficiency than that of free cells and could also be reused four times for Cr(VI) removal. Complete reduction of chromate in simulated effluent containing Cu2+, Mg2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ by immobilised cells, demonstrated potential applications of a novel immobilised bacterial strain MR12, as a vital bioresource in Cr(VI) bioremediation technology. 相似文献
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55.
Anand Prabha Rawat Krishna Giri J. P. N. Rai 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(3):1679-1687
Biosorption of Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cr6+ from aqueous solutions by leaf biomass of Jatropha curcas was investigated as a function of biomass concentration, initial metal ion concentration, contact time, and pH of the solution systematically. The aim of this study was to optimize biosorption process and find out a suitable kinetic model for the metal removal in single and multi-metal system. The experimental data were analyzed using two sorption kinetic models, viz., pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order equations, to determine the best fit equation for the biosorption of metal ions Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cr6+ onto the leaf biomass of J. curcas in different metal systems. The experimental data fitted well the pseudo-second-order equation and provided the best correlation for the biosorption process. The findings of the present investigation revealed that J. curcas leaf biomass was an eco-friendly and cost-effective biosorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater. 相似文献
56.
Ramezani M Oliver DP Kookana RS Gill G Preston C 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2008,43(2):105-112
The abiotic degradation of the imidazolinone herbicides imazapyr, imazethapyr and imazaquin was investigated under controlled conditions. Hydrolysis, where it occurred, and photodegradation both followed first-order kinetics for all herbicides. There was no hydrolysis of any of the herbicides in buffer solutions at pH 3 or pH 7; however, slow hydrolysis occurred at pH 9. Estimated half-lives for the three herbicides in solution in the dark were 6.5, 9.2 and 9.6 months for imazaquin, imazethapyr and imazapyr, respectively. Degradation of the herbicides in the light was considerably more rapid than in the dark with half lives for the three herbicides of 1.8, 9.8 and 9.1 days for imazaquin, imazethapyr and imazapyr, respectively. The presence of humic acids in the solution reduced the rate of photodegradation for all three herbicides, with higher concentrations of humic acids generally having greater effect. Photodegradation of imazethapyr was the least sensitive to humic acids. The enantioselectivity of photodegradation was investigated using imazaquin, with photodegradation occurring at the same rate for both enantiomers. Abiotic degradation of imidazolinone herbicides on the soil surface only occurred in the presence of light. The rate of degradation for all herbicides was slower than in solution, with half-lives of 15.3, 24.6 and 30.9 days for imazaquin, imazethapyr and imazapyr, respectively. Abiotic degradation of these herbicides is likely to be slow in the environment and is only likely to occur in clear water or on the soil surface. 相似文献
57.
58.
Rai Mahendra Ingle Avinash P. Gupta Indarchand Pandit Raksha Paralikar Priti Gade Aniket Chaud Marco V. dos Santos Carolina Alves 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2019,17(1):277-290
Environmental Chemistry Letters - Food spoilage is a major global concern due to the lack of proper packaging technology. Nanotechnology is expected to improve food packaging. Indeed, novel... 相似文献
59.
Air samples for PM(10) (dp?10 μm in aerodynamic diameter) were collected from March 2007 to February 2008 near Taj Mahal-a historically sensitive site in Agra. Each sample collected on 20.3?×?25.4-cm Whatman quartz microfiber filter using respirable dust sampler was analyzed gravimetrically for mass concentrations and chemically for elements such as Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Rb, Cd, Ba, and Pb by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and inorganic ions such as NH (4) (+) , K(+), SO (4) (2-) , NO (3) (-) , F(-), and Cl(-) by ion chromatograph. Annual average of PM(10) 155.47?±?77.97 μg/m(3) was three times high the annual average NAAQ standard of 50 μg/m(3) for sensitive area. PM(10) as well as K(+), Cl(-), As, and Pb were higher in winter while crust elements and secondary aerosols were higher in summer. The average equivalent ratio of NH (4) (+) to sum up of SO (4) (2-) and NO (3) (-) was greater than unity which indicates high source strength of ammonia and alkaline nature of aerosols in Agra. Source apportionment of PM(10) was carried out by factor analysis using principal component analysis (varimax rotated factor matrix method) of SPSS. Five sources contributing to PM(10) were identified as crust material, vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, coal and biomass burning, and secondary aerosols. 相似文献
60.
Koskinen WC Ochsner TE Stephens BM Kookana RS 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2006,41(7):1071-1083
When analyzing the sorption characteristics of weakly sorbing or labile pesticides, batch methods tend to yield a high margin of error attributable to errors in concentration measurement and to degradation, respectively. This study employs a recently developed unsaturated transient flow method to determine the sorption of isoxaflutole's herbicidally active diketonitrile degradate (DKN) and dicamba. A 20-cm acrylic column was packed with soils with varied texture that had been uniformly treated with 14C-labeled chemical.The antecedent solution herbicide in equilibrium with sorbed phase herbicide was displaced by herbicide-free water, which was infiltrated into the column. Sorption coefficients, Kd, were obtained from a plot of total herbicide concentration in the soil versus water content in the region where the antecedent solution accumulated. DKN Kd values were approximately 2-3 times (average Kd = 0.71 L kg-1) greater using the unsaturated transient flow method as compared to the batch equilibration method in clay loam (Kd = 0.33 L kg-1), but similar for the two methods in sand (0.12 vs 0.09 L kg-1) soils. Dicamba Kd values were 3 times greater using the unsaturated transient flow method as compared to the batch equilibration method in the clay loam soil (0.38 vs 0.13 L kg-1), however, the Kd values were the same for the two methods in the sand (approximately 0.06 L kg-1). This demonstrates that to determine sorption coefficients for labile hydrophilic pesticides, an unsaturated transient flow method may be a suitable alternative to the batch method. In fact, it may be better in cases where transport models have overpredicted herbicide leaching when batch sorption coefficients have been used. 相似文献