Toxizität von Aluminium

The concentration of solubilized aluminium in soils and waters increases due to environmental influences. To obtain information on the types of Al species occuring under these conditions, aluminium chloride solutions were prepared in a wide range of concentrations (10^?1–10^?5 mol·l^?1 Al) and basicity (OH/Al=0,5–2,5), respectively, and then structurally characterized using the ferron method. For the freshly prepared solutions, a decrease in the portion of monomeric Al species is observed, with an increasing OH/Al-ratio; the formation of polymeric cations decreases to lower OH/Al-ratios with diminishing concentration. The portion of tridecameric cations (Al₁₃) decreases with diminishing concentration, but so called transition polymers occur in these solutions. The transition polymers are instable under ageing; by inreasing the ageing time, a disproportion of these cations into monomeric and polymeric species can be observed. At extremly low Al concentrations (10^?5 mol·l^?1 Al), a condensation of the transition polymers into polymeric species occurs, after only a short ageing. The influence of admixtures of Mg²⁺-and Ca²⁺-ions, respectively, on the specification of the Al cations are only observed after longer ageing times; in this case, the formation of polymeric Al species is forced. The polymeric Al species therefore, seem to be especially preferred alongside the monomeric ones under biologically relevant concentrations.     

Fernmeßverfahren

The combination of remote sensing methods like Doppler lidar and FTIR allows remote determination of mass fluxes of gases. Doppler lidar measures the three-dimensional wind vector in the vicinity of diffuse sources, or the velocity of air in a chimney plume if an industrial complex is monitored. FTIR is a multicomponent remote sensing method for gas concentrations. The Fourier transformation of an interferogram of a Michelson interferometer within a FTIR system converts the recorded intensity (function of optical path length) to a spectral signal (function of wavenumber). Both information, velocity and concentration, give the mass fluxes of the tracer (gas). A first test was performed at Munich-Nord power station with FTIR and cw-Doppler lidar. Fluxes of CO₂, CO, NO, and HCl were determined. The results are in good agreement with the fluxes measured byin situ instruments of the power station. The method can be used to control industrial complexes from an outside observation site.     

Mineralölkohlenwasserstoffe im Boden bei der Sanierung von Altlasten

Various analyses and evaluative procedures are used to provide evidence of success using remediation procedures. Because of the lack of standardized procedures for soil assessment, general practice has unfortunately propagated the use of DIN standards for determining the level of similar parameters in water as well as for other heterogeneous matrices (e.g. in soil). A precise auditing of quality, however, has not been possible with this method, this procedure has even put the success of such a remediation into question. This article describes the problems of determining mineral hydrocarbon concentrations on soil as well as portraying the remediation of oil damages which has occurred on a site of a former waste oil redestillation facility [1, 2]. This procedure has been proved in practice and serves as a model because an adequately defined, standardized method (DIN standard) is lacking.     

Einsatz der Hasse-Diagrammtechnik zur vergleichenden Datenanalyse von Biomarkerantworten und ökotoxikologischen Tests

Ecotoxicological investigations focus on biological systems and their response to chemically induced stress. Experimental techniques are much more developed than deterministic dynamic modelling. In this methodological contribution a technique is presented, based on lattice theory. This technique, also calledHasse diagram technique, allows data analysis with respect to comparative evaluation. Hasse diagrams are used

? to suggest a possible measure of microbial diversity,

? to analyze dependencies between phospholipid fatty acids and simple geochemical parameters on an ordinal scale and

? to visualise complex results of interactions of humic substances with xenobiotics.

     

Nachhaltige Entwicklung von Managementstrategien

In order to support evaluation and decision processes with respect to sustainability of management strategies, different mathematical methods can be applied. In this paper, the fundamentals of these so-called multi-criteria evaluation and decision-support instruments are presented. Moreover, advantages and disadvantages are worked out using an example data set of strategies of sustainable water management. It is shown that particularly transparency, objectivity and the degree of participation of stakeholders are the main characteristics: Whereas the Hasse diagram technique is directed to the scientifically given data matrix, and therefore yields an objective and transparent evaluation and data analysis, concordance analysis, utility function theory, PROMETHEE and AHP (analytical hierarchy process) have their preferences as participants or stakeholders in the decision process.     

Deponiegas

Investigations were performed concerning whether or not the composition of volatile halogenated carbons in landfill gas (LFG) change when they uncontrolledly leave the aerobic surface of landfill. For this reason, the aerobic biological degradation of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chlorofluorohydrocarbons (HCFCs), and vinyl chloride (VC), which were often measured in LFG of old household-landfills, was investigated. In 1-liter and 126-liter laboratory test reactors, the aerobic milieu conditions of the surface of landfills were simulated. Air with methane and trichlorofluoromethane (R11), dichlorodifluoromethane (R12), and their reductive metabolites dichlorofluoromethane (R21), chlorodifluoromethane (R22), and vinyl chloride (VC) were continuosly pumped through marl and a mixture of biowaste and compost. R21, R22, and VC were degraded, probably cometabolically by methanotrophic bacteria. They have inhibited the methane oxidation. The degradation rates of R21 (only in biowaste and compost) and R22 were up to 2.8 and 10 mg/m³ _material/h, respectively. The maximum degradation rate of VC was 1,3000 mg/m³ _material/h in marl. Under aerobic milieu conditions, a biodegradation of R11 and R12 was not detected.     

Grenzüberschreitender Seeuferschutz im Spannungsfeld von Nutzungsinteressen am Beispiel Bodensee (Teil 1)

The shores of many Central European lakes located in the hinterland of large conurbations are heavily endangered by intensive settlement, traffic, sewage input, manipulation of the water level, tourism and recreation. This increasing impact has negatively affected the function of the lake shore in respect to conservation and species protection, to water protection and its importance for recreation. This paper describes the overlap of the multiple uses and the precautions planned since 1981 on the national and international level to guarantee the essential multiple functionality, e.g. as drinking water reservoir for the conurbations in the northern part of Baden-Württemberg, as supraregional centre for water sports and tourism, and as an important environment for endangered plant and animal species. Management measures include regional planning as well as the international water protection and preservation with many contributions from non governmental international organisations. Given a high agreement concerning these aims, many indispensable actions could successfully be realised on the political and administrative level. On the basis of 14 topics we follow the development since 1981, most recently also driven by the EU (FFH Natura 2000, Water framework directive). Backlogs became obvious for four topics: 1. The lack of efficient reviews on completed measures, 2. gaps in basic understanding, 3. The dragging harmonisation of an integrated shore protection program across the borders, and 4. the lack of concepts for a sustainable development including plans for monitoring.