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251.
B. J. Dutka K. K. Kwan S. S. Rao A. Jurkovic D. Liu 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1991,16(3):287-313
One of the many problems researchers and managers face is to try and interpret data collected from various river studies. There is an underlying awareness of the incompleteness of most data bases due to a variety of problems outside of those concerning sample processing.In this study we have attempted, by using the battery of tests approach (12 tests) and the examination of different types of samples such as water, Milli-Q water extracted sediments, and organic solvent extracted sediments, to explore the implication of spacial and temporal sampling programmes.The results obtained were not unexpected: there were spatial and temporal influences, sometimes so great that it would appear that you were examining samples from different parts of the country. However, data arising from solvent extracted sediments were found to be much less influenced by temporal sampling than by spatial variation. Another interesting and important observation was that sediment composition appeared to have no relationship to toxicant content.In this study, the first field application of the Mutatox test (genotoxicity) was carried out and it was found to be a very responsive test in all three types of samples. This test shows great promise as laboratory studies indicate it is sensitive to many of the chemicals which trigger the Ames test. 相似文献
252.
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254.
Ian Calder Ashvin Gosain M. S. Rama Mohan Rao Charles Batchelor James Garratt Emma Bishop 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(4):427-440
This paper recognises the need for a revision of watershed development policy in India in relation to the planning of development
interventions involving agricultural intensification and rainwater harvesting and the need for new approaches to assist the
planning process. Building on, and using as an example, the results of biophysical and societal impact studies carried out
on two watershed development projects in Karnataka three new management/dissemination tools, are suggested. These are (1)
the web-based geographical information systems exploratory, climate land assessment and impact management tool dissemination
tool for disseminating to policymakers and non-specialist stakeholders the downstream impacts of watershed interventions,
(2) the ‘quadrant’ approach for ensuring that sustainability criteria are met and (3) Bayesian networks to investigate the
biophysical and societal impacts of interventions.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue 相似文献
255.
P Hanumantha Rao 《Waste management & research》2008,26(3):297-303
The study was conducted in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh in India. Hospitals/nursing homes and private medical practitioners in urban as well as rural areas and those from the private as well as the government sector were covered. Information on (a) awareness of bio-medical waste management rules, (b) training undertaken and (c) practices with respect to segregation, use of colour coding, sharps management, access to common waste management facilities and disposal was collected. Awareness of Bio-medical Waste Management Rules was better among hospital staff in comparison with private medical practitioners and awareness was marginally higher among those in urban areas in comparison with those in rural areas. Training gained momentum only after the dead-line for compliance was over. Segregation and use of colour codes revealed gaps, which need correction. About 70% of the healthcare facilities used a needle cutter/destroyer for sharps management. Access to Common Waste Management facilities was low at about 35%. Dumping biomedical waste on the roads outside the hospital is still prevalent and access to Common Waste facilities is still limited. Surveillance, monitoring and penal machinery was found to be deficient and these require strengthening to improve compliance with the Bio-medical Waste Management Rules and to safeguard the health of employees, patients and communities. 相似文献
256.
Khuman Yanglem Sharatchandra Raina Nancy Sreenivasa Rao Kottapalli 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2013,11(2):137-145
Fuelwood is one of the major sources of energy in the domestic sector across the rural areas, especially in the developing regions across the world. The Northeastern Himalayan state of Manipur is dominated by the tribal population that largely depends on fuelwood from the nearby forest area. The entire dependence on forests for energy resources is affecting the sustainability of the forest ecosystem in the region, thus indicating the livelihood conditions. Since land-use land-cover change is the key driver to the change in resource availability of a region, the present study has tried to analyze the land-cover changes over a period 28 years. The second major component affecting resource availability is the increasing population pressure that leads to changes in the land dynamics, which directly affect the resource production. Based on the existing consumption pattern, the total consumption of fuelwood in the watershed ranges from a minimum of 289.992 tons/year to a maximum of 3545.719 tons/year with an average of 1561.956 tons/year in the year 2009 and simulated fuelwood consumption for the year 2021 is around 1469.260 tons/year. Nine different probable scenarios of resource are proposed to calculate the stress value that can be used by the policy-makers and planners for suitable policy implementation at the micro level with a complex social system. 相似文献
257.
In this paper, the exploitation of petroleum resources in India is analyzed by developing a dynamic optimization modeling framework—PETEX. This model combines the practical aspects in determining optimal rates of extraction of oil and gas from a reservoir with a hybrid approach to estimating the discovery rate of petroleum resources in the future, additionally incorporating a stochastic specification to capture the uncertainty associated with discovery. The model acts as an aid to joint production–investment decision making for the entire supply process from drilling through production and in determining the import requirement to meet the country’s oil demand. The model results and sensitivity analysis suggest an acute requirement of sustained infusion of investment into the various upstream activities at a rate much higher than the current levels in order to bridge the demand—supply gap for crude oil. With the opening up of the Indian economy, it is hoped that the participation of the private sector in upstream activities would increase thereby increasing the investments available for upstream activity. 相似文献
258.
Coastal marine ecosystems in many parts of the world are under unrelenting stress caused by urban development, pollutants and other ecological impacts such as building of infrastructure, land reclamation for port and industrial development, habitat modification, tourism and recreational activities. The present work is a first extensive field study using the marine sponge, Petrosia testudinaria as a biomarker to detect heavy metal pollution between near and off shore environment of 'Gulf of Mannar', India. Sponges were collected from near shore (0.5-1 km) and offshore (5-7 km), locations and their metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Our results show that the near shore sponge accumulated greater concentrations of heavy metals (Al, Fe, Mn, As, Ni, Co, Cu, Se) ranging from 0.13 to 64 times higher concentration than the sponges located away from the shore. The results indicate that the accumulated metals alter the macromolecule composition (sugars, proteins and lipids) in near shore sponges. Frequent monitoring is necessary to assess the eco-health of the marine environment by choosing bioindicator species like sponges, which provide accurate, reliable measurement of environmental quality. 相似文献
259.
Rao JV 《Chemosphere》2006,65(10):1814-1820
The euryhaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus was exposed to sub-lethal concentration (1.15 mg l(-1)) of a organophosphorus insecticide, monocrotophos (MCP) for 30 days and allowed to recover for seven days. Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), acid phosphatase (AcP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glycogen, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Reduced glutathione (GSH), gluthathione-S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were assayed in plasma and different tissues at regular intervals of day -3, -7, -15, -30 and after recovery period of seven days. The ALAT and AAT activities were increased in plasma and kidney, where as liver and gill showed decrease. Increase in AcP and ALP activities were observed in plasma, gill and kidney, and reduction of 42% and 50% was observed in liver. Glycogen was depleted in plasma, liver and gill indicates of typical stress related response of the fish with pesticide. LDH activity was decreased in liver and muscle, indicating tissue damage and muscular harm, but a significant increase in LDH activity in gill and brain was observed. Depletion in GSH activity was observed in all the tissues, there by enhancing the lipid peroxidation resulting in cell damage. The induction in hepatic GST levels indicates the protection against the toxicity of xenobiotic-induced lipid peroxidation. There was a significant recovery in all the above biochemical parameters studied in plasma and different tissues, after seven days recovery period. These results revealed that MCP affects the intermediary metabolism of O. mossambicus and that the assayed enzymes can work as good biomarkers of organophosphorus contamination. 相似文献
260.
Bhavana Rao Kuchimanchi Imke J. M. De Boer Raimon Ripoll-Bosch Simon J. Oosting 《Ambio》2021,50(10):1809
Increasing food demands are causing rapid transitions in farming systems, often involving intensified land and resource use. While transitioning has benefits regarding poverty alleviation and food outputs, it also causes environmental and social issues over time. This study aims to understand the transitions in farming systems in a region in Telangana, from 1997 to 2015, and their effect on livestock rearing and smallholder livelihoods. We also examine the impact of the transitions on lower caste groups and women in particular. We collected data using a combination of methods, i.e., a household survey, focus group discussions, and secondary data sources, to build a comprehensive picture of the transitions in the region. We found that subsistence mixed farming systems transitioned to market-orientated specialized systems over a short time span. As the transition process gained momentum, households either intensified their production or got marginalized. Technological interventions, development programs with integrated approaches, and market demand for certain agricultural produce triggered increased regional production but also led to the scarcity of water, land, and labor. The transitions marginalized some of the households, changed the role of livestock in farming, and have been inclusive of both lower caste groups and women in terms of increased ownership of large ruminants and access to technologies. However, for women specifically, further increase in workload in the context of farming is also found. 相似文献