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31.
Kamal A. Rashid Masood Arjmand Heinrlch Sandertnann Ralph O. Mumma 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):721-729
Abstract Chloroanilines are constituents of many agrochemicals and have been found to be metabolized to succinic acid conjugates, e.g., succinamides and succinimides. The mutagenic potential of five chloroanilines and their succinamides and succinimide derivatives have been tested with two strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 and TA100) with and without rat hepatic micro‐somal fraction. None of the compounds produced a dose response effect with a two‐fold increase in revertants indicating that these compounds are not mutagens or promutagens in these assays. 相似文献
32.
M. Reza Savabi Gerald F. Giffor 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1987,23(4):709-716
ABSTRACT: Soil loss prediction equations (Universal Soil Loss Equation, Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation, and Onstad-Foster Method) were modified to reflect the impact of trampling on soil erosion. The erosion control practice factor, P, was replaced by a trampling ratio, Tr, which is a function of the change in soil erosion due to animal trampling. Trampling impact on soil erosion varied With soil type. The data are a preliminary attempt to account for the impact of trampling on soil erosion. 相似文献
33.
The urban poor in Dhaka City: their struggles and coping strategies during the floods of 1998 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rashid SF 《Disasters》2000,24(3):240-253
Bangladesh experienced one of the worst floods in recorded history in 1998. This paper focuses on the needs and coping strategies of the urban poor in Dhaka City, which had been very badly affected. The city's roads were completely under water, and most areas were water-logged with drainage and sewage systems blocked. Rising water levels compelled many slum dwellers to move to temporary shelters and relief camps. Women and children were the worst affected. The lack of sanitation facilities and privacy forced women and children to defecate in their own homes. There was an acute scarcity of safe drinking-water, and food prices rose dramatically. Diarrhoea, fever and colds were the most common illnesses affecting the poor. The floods left many of them unemployed, and in some families, the result was increased tension and incidents of domestic violence. In some areas, members felt pressured to repay micro-credit loans. Most NGOs, however, suspended loan repayments. During this period, a committee was set up to co-ordinate and work towards addressing some of the main post-flood problems. 相似文献
34.
Solid phase extraction for evaluation of occupational exposure to Pb (II) using XAD-4 sorbent prior to atomic absorption spectroscopy. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Seyed Jamaleddin Shahtaheri Monireh Khadem Farideh Golbabaei Abbas Rahimi-Froushan Mohammad Reza Ganjali Parviz Norouzi 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2007,13(2):137-145
Lead is an important constituent widely used in different industrial processes. For evaluation of workers' exposure to trace toxic metal of Pb (II), solid-phase extraction (SPE) was optimized. SPE using mini columns filled with XAD-4 resin was developed with regard to sample pH, ligand concentration, loading flow rate, elution solvent, sample volume, elution volume, the amount of resins, and sample matrix interferences. Lead ions were retained on a solid sorbent and then eluted, followed by a simple determination of analytes with flame atomic absorption spectrometery. The obtained recoveries of metal ions were greater than 92%. This method was validated with 3 different pools of spiked urine samples; it showed a good reproducibility over 6 consecutive days as well as 6 within-day experiments. This optimized method can be considered successful in simplifying sample preparation for a trace residue analysis of lead in different matrices when evaluating occupational and environmental exposures is required. 相似文献
35.
Helvi Heinonen-Tanski Mariëlle SNEL Christine van Wijk-Sijbesma Avizit Reaz Quazi Kochurani Mathew Induka Werellagama Mujibur Rahman S.M.A. Rashid Palitha Jayaweera Helen Judith 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2007,9(4):355-368
Environmental quality for environmental health has been examined visually by describing general conditions and drinking water
supply, sanitation and solid waste treatment conditions and practices in six South-East Asian villages with a dense population.
The environmental review was supplemented by discussions with local people and political and administrative decision makers.
Some drinking water analyses were done in order to show the water quality to the local people. The quality of the general
conditions and the conditions and practices of drinking water supply, excreta disposal and solid waste treatment practices
have been graded with the grading system presented below. The grading could be done in 1 or 2 days in each area by two persons,
of which one was an environmental scientist and the other a social scientist, who also knew the local culture and worked as
a translator. 相似文献
36.
K A Rashid M Arjmand H Sandermann R O Mumma 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》1987,22(6):721-729
Chloroanilines are constituents of many agrochemicals and have been found to be metabolized to succinic acid conjugates, e.g., succinamides and succinimides. The mutagenic potential of five chloroanilines and their succinamides and succinimide derivatives have been tested with two strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 and TA100) with and without rat hepatic microsomal fraction. None of the compounds produced a dose response effect with a two-fold increase in revertants indicating that these compounds are not mutagens or promutagens in these assays. 相似文献
37.
K A Rashid N S Kawar L A Hull R O Mumma 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》1987,22(1):71-89
The fungicide captan (cis-N-((trichloromethyl)thio) 4-cyclo-hexene-1,2-dicarboximide) was applied at the rate of 2.4 g/l to apple trees (c.v. Golden Delicious) individually or as part of a standard treatment program where it was applied eight times during the growing season together with several pesticides. Leaf samples (100 discs of 2.2 cm diameter) were collected from treated and control trees before treatment and at 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, 90 and 112 days after treatment. Fruit samples were taken at mid-season (56 days) and at harvest (112 days). The objective of this study was to determine the captan residue and mutagenicity of leaf and fruit extracts to ascertain the potential health hazard to agricultural workers in these orchards. Surface residues were extracted from leaves and fruits with methylene chloride. These extracts were subsequently analyzed for captan by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) utilizing an electron-capture detector, and for mutagenicity with two strains (TA98 and TA100) of Salmonella typhimurium, with and without microsomal enzyme activation. Positive mutagenic effects were observed with strain TA100 at 0-14 days post spray, even with extracts from one leaf disc's surface (3.8 cm2) of the single treatment. Captan residues in these samples indicated a decline from 9.3 micrograms/cm2 at 0 days to 0.80 micrograms/cm2 at 14 days and a trace after 112 days. With the standard treatment, in which captan was incorporated eight times in the program starting at the 7-day interval, leaf extracts showed mutagenic activity at 7, 14, 28 and 90 days. Captan residues at these intervals were 11.4, 5.0, 4.1 and 3.4 micrograms/cm2, respectively. Fruit sample extracts of the standard spray were mutagenic to the tester strains TA100 and TA98 both at mid-season and at harvest. Residues of captan on fruits declined from 10.4 micrograms/cm2 at mid-season to 1.1 micrograms/cm2 at harvest. No mutagenic activity was detected with extracts from fruit samples from the single captan application. 相似文献
38.
AHP based life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) framework: a case study of six storey wood frame and concrete frame buildings in Vancouver 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Navid Hossaini Bahareh Reza Sharmin Akhtar Kasun Hewage 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(7):1217-1241
Construction and building industry is in dire need for developing sustainability assessment frameworks that can evaluate and integrate related environmental and socioeconomic impacts. This paper discusses an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based sustainability evaluation framework for mid-rise residential buildings based on a broad range of environmental and socioeconomic criteria. A cradle to grave life cycle assessment technique was applied to identify, classify, and assess triple bottom line (TBL) sustainability performance indicators of buildings. Then, the AHP was applied to aggregate the impacts into a unified sustainability index. The framework is demonstrated through a case study to investigate two six storey structural systems (i.e. concrete and wood) in Vancouver, Canada. The results of this paper show that the environmental performance of a building in Canada, even in regions with milder weather such as Vancouver, is highly dependent on service life energy, rather than structural materials. 相似文献
39.
Feeding deltamethrin-contaminated grains to domestic poultry, such as quails may result in toxic effects in these birds. This study was done to investigate the effects of recommended doses of deltamethrin, sometimes used in grain storage silos, on Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Quails were fed grains contaminated with 0.25 and 0.50 mg deltamethrin per kg diet for 21 days and the effects on survival and blood biochemical parameters were studied. Plasma uric acid, creatinine levels, and creatinine phosphokinase activity in the blood were increased. Aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities and glucose levels significantly increased in birds treated with the high dose of deltamethrin. Alanine aminotransferase activity and albumin or cholesterol levels were not changed, and acetylcholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase activities, total protein and globulin in plasma were decreased. Administration of 0.25 mg/kg deltamethrin caused increased blood triglyceride levels, 0.50 mg/kg deltamethrin decreased triglyceride levels. 相似文献
40.
Mohammad Taghi Taghizadeh Reza Abdollahi Naser Sadeghpour Orang 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2012,20(1):208-216
The degradation of chitosan by means of ultrasound irradiation and its combination with homogeneous photocatalysis (photo-Fenton)
was investigated. Emphasis was given on the effect of additive on degradation rate constants. 24 kHz of ultrasound irradiation
was provided by a sonicator, while an ultraviolet source of 16 W was used for UV irradiation. To increase the efficiency of
degradation process, degradation system was combined with Fe(III) (2.5 × 10−4mol/L) and H2O2 (0.020–0.118 mol/L) in the presence of UV irradiation and the rate of degradation process change from 1.873 × 10−9−6.083 × 10−9 mol1.7 L s−1. Photo-Fenton process led to complete chitosan degradation in 60 min with the rate increasing with increasing catalyst loading.
Sonophotocatalysis in the presence of Fe(III)/H2O2 was always faster than the respective individual processes. A synergistic effect between ultrasound and ultraviolet irradiation
in the presence of Fenton reagent was calculated. The degraded chitosans were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), gel
permeation chromatography (GPC) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and average molecular weight of ultrasonicated
chitosan was determined by measurements of intrinsic viscosity of samples. The results show that the total degree of deacetylation
(DD) of chitosan change, partially after degradation and the decrease of molecular weight led to transformation of crystal
structure. A negative order for the dependence of the reaction rate on total molar concentration of chitosan solution within
the degradation process was suggested. Results of this study indicate that the presence of catalyst in the reaction medium
can be utilized to reduce molecular weight of chitosan while maintaining the power of irradiated ultrasound and degree of
deacetylation. 相似文献