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131.
Coal-Mine Hollow Fill and Settling Pond Influences on Headwater Streams in Southern West Virginia, USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Merricks TC Cherry DS Zipper CE Currie RJ Valenti TW 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,129(1-3):359-378
The influences of coal-mine hollow fills and associated settling ponds in three headwater streams were assessed in southern
West Virginia, USA. Fill drainage waters had elevated conductivities and metal concentrations, compared to a regional reference.
Benthic macroinvertebrate richness was not affected consistently by the hollow fill drainages, relative to a regional reference,
although a more tolerant community, lacking in Ephemeroptera taxa at most locations, was evident. Collector-filterer populations were elevated at monitoring stations directly below the
settling ponds, indicating that the ponds’ presence influenced macroinvertebrate community structure by means of organic enrichment.
Corbicula fluminea growth was enhanced in monitoring locations directly below the settling ponds, also an apparent result of organic enrichment.
Results of acute water column toxicity testing with Ceriodaphnia dubia, sediment chronic toxicity testing with Daphnia magna, and in-situ ecotoxicological assessments with C. fluminea demonstrated no mortality or toxic influence at most of the sites tested below the ponds. The settling ponds appear to serve
as sinks in collecting some, but not all, trace metals. 相似文献
132.
Zhong Q Veeneman RA Steinecker WH Jia C Batterman SA Zellers ET 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(5):440-448
The adaptation of a portable gas chromatograph (GC) prototype with several unique design features to the determination of vapor-phase markers of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is described. This instrument employs a dual-stage adsorbent preconcentrator, two series-coupled separation columns that can be independently temperature programmed, and a detector consisting of an array of nanoparticle-coated chemiresistors, whose response patterns are used together with retention times for vapor recognition. An adsorbent pre-trap was developed to remove semi-volatile organics from the sample stream. Conditions were established to quantitatively capture two ETS markers, 2,5-dimethylfuran (2,5-DMF) and 4-ethenylpyridine (4-EP, as a surrogate for 3-EP), and to separate them from the 34 most prominent co-contaminants present in ETS using ambient air as the carrier gas. A complete analysis can be performed every 15 min. Projected detection limits are 0.58 and 0.08 ppb for 2,5-DMF and 4-EP, respectively, assuming a 1 L sample volume, which are sufficiently low to determine these markers in typical smoking-permitted environments. 相似文献
133.
Malik A. Hussain Rebecca Ford Julian Hill 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,165(1-4):147-157
This paper reports a reconnaissance survey of the concentrations of sterol compounds (as indicators of fecal contamination) in a large water supply system in southeast Australia comprising a network of rivers, channels, and drains. Levels of coprostanol and cholestanol were determined in surface water and bottom sediment using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis across 17 strategic sampling sites and over 12 months. Clear differences in the levels of fecal contamination were observed among sites. Four sites routinely contained high levels of the fecal indicator sterols indicated from surface water and sediment sample analysis. Coprostanol concentrations at each location varied from 0 ng/L at the reference site to 11,327 ng/L in a surface water sample of a drain directly downstream of a knackery. The majority of the sites contained coprostanol in the range of 500 to 800 ng/L. Since no fecal-associated sterol compounds were detected at the external reference sites, these were assumed to be free from fecal contamination. Sewage water discharge and/or substantial water runoff maybe the principal factors contributing to fecal contamination of the supply drains and channels. 相似文献
134.
Brandi Shontia Echols Rebecca J. Currie Donald S. Cherry 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,169(1-4):487-500
Selecting the most appropriate test species for sediment and water column assays has been a primary goal for ecotoxicologists. Standard test organisms and established test guidelines exist, but the USEPA-recommended species may not be the most sensitive organisms to anthropogenic inputs. This paper describes preliminary results of toxicity tests with the mayfly, Isonychia bicolor (Ephemeroptera). Results suggested that Isonychia were moderately sensitive to NaCl after 96 h with an average LC50 value of 3.10 g NaCl per liter. This value decreased after 7 days of exposure, resulting in a mean LC50 value of 1.73 g NaCl per liter. When exposed to a coal-mine-processed effluent, Isonychia generated LC50 values that ranged from 13% to 39% effluent. I. bicolor were more sensitive to the coal processing effluent than Ceriodaphnia dubia with conductivity lowest observable effects concentration (LOEC) values for mayfly survivorship that ranged from 1,508 to 4,101 μS/cm, while LOEC values for C. dubia reproduction ranged from 2,132 to 4,240 μS/cm. 相似文献
135.
136.
Agota Horel Rebecca J. Bernard Behzad Mortazavi 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(11):6982-6993
This study investigated potential nitrogen fixation, net nitrification, and denitrification responses to short-term crude oil exposure that simulated oil exposure in Juncus roemerianus salt marsh sediments previously impacted following the Deepwater Horizon accident. Temperature as well as crude oil amount and type affected the nitrogen cycling rates. Total nitrogen fixation rates increased 44 and 194 % at 30 °C in 4,000 mg kg?1 tar ball and 10,000 mg kg?1 moderately weathered crude oil treatments, respectively; however, there was no difference from the controls at 10 and 20 °C. Net nitrification rates showed production at 20 °C and consumption at 10 and 30 °C in all oil treatments and controls. Potential denitrification rates were higher than controls in the 10 and 30?ºC treatments but responded differently to the oil type and amount. The highest rates of potential denitrification (12.7?±?1.0 nmol N g?1 wet h?1) were observed in the highly weathered 4,000 mg kg?1 oil treatment at 30 °C, suggesting increased rates of denitrification during the warmer summer months. These results indicate that the impacts on nitrogen cycling from a recurring oil spill could depend on the time of the year as well as the amount and type of oil contaminating the marsh. The study provides evidence for impact on nitrogen cycling in coastal marshes that are vulnerable to repeated hydrocarbon exposure. 相似文献
137.
Brian Buchanan Zachary M. Easton Rebecca Schneider M. Todd Walter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2012,48(1):43-60
Buchanan, Brian, Zachary M. Easton, Rebecca Schneider, and M. Todd Walter, 2011. Incorporating Variable Source Area Hydrology Into a Spatially Distributed Direct Runoff Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 43‐60. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00594.x Abstract: Few hydrologic models simulate both variable source area (VSA) hydrology, and runoff‐routing at high enough spatial resolutions to capture fine‐scale hydrologic pathways connecting VSA to the stream network. This paper describes a geographic information system‐based operational model that simulates the spatio‐temporal dynamics of VSA runoff generation and distributed runoff‐routing, including through complex artificial drainage networks. The model combines the Natural Resource Conservation Service’s Curve Number (CN) equation for estimating storm runoff with the topographic index concept for predicting the locations of VSA and a runoff‐routing algorithm into a new spatially distributed direct hydrograph (SDDH) model (SDDH‐VSA). Using a small agricultural watershed in central New York, SDDH‐VSA results were compared to those from a SDDH model using the traditional land use assumptions for the CN (SDDH‐CN). The SDDH‐VSA model generally agreed better with observed discharge than the SDDH‐CN model (average, Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.69 vs. 0.58, respectively) and resulted in more realistic spatial patterns of runoff‐generating areas. The SDDH approach did not correctly capture the timing of runoff from small storms in dry periods. Despite this type of limitation, SDDH‐VSA extends the applicability of the SDDH technique to VSA conditions, providing a basis for new tools to help identify critical management areas and assess water quality risks due to landscape alterations. 相似文献
138.
A Case History of the Science and Management Collaboration in Understanding Hypoxia Events in Long Bay, South Carolina, USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Denise Sanger Debra Hernandez Susan Libes George Voulgaris Braxton Davis Erik Smith Rebecca Shuford Dwayne Porter Eric Koepfler Joseph Bennett 《Environmental management》2010,46(3):340-350
Communication of knowledge between the scientific and management communities is a difficult process complicated by the distinctive
nature of professional career goals of scientists and decision-makers. This article provides a case history highlighting a
collaboration between the science and management communities that resulted from a response to a 2004 hypoxia, or low dissolved
oxygen, event in Long Bay, off Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. A working group of scientists and decision-makers was established
at the time of the event and has continued to interact to develop a firm understanding of the drivers responsible for hypoxia
formation in Long Bay. Several factors were found to be important to ensure that these collaborative efforts were productive:
(1) genuine interest in collaboratively working across disciplines to examine a problem; (2) commitment by agency leadership,
decision-makers, and researchers to create successful communication mechanisms; (3) respect for each others’ perspectives
and an understanding how science and management are performed and that they are not mutually exclusive; (4) networking among
researchers and decision-makers to ensure appropriate team members are involved in the process; (5) use of decision-maker
input in the formulation of research and monitoring projects; and (6) commitment of resources for facilitation to ensure that
researchers and decision-makers are communicating effectively. 相似文献
139.
Efroymson RA Peterson MJ Giffen NR Ryon MG Smith JG Hargrove WW Roy WK Welsh CJ Druckenbrod DL Quarles HD 《Journal of environmental management》2008,88(4):1452-1470
Habitat valuation methods were implemented to support remedial decisions for aquatic and terrestrial contaminated sites at the East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP) on the US Department of Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge Reservation in Oak Ridge, TN, USA. The habitat valuation was undertaken for six contaminated sites: Contractor's Spoil Area, K-901-N Disposal Area, K-770 Scrapyard, K-1007-P1 pond, K-901 pond, and the Mitchell Branch stream. Four of these sites are within the industrial use area of ETTP and two are in the Black Oak Ridge Conservation Easement. These sites represent terrestrial and aquatic habitat for vertebrates, terrestrial habitat for plants, and aquatic habitat for benthic invertebrates. Current and potential future, no-action (no remediation) scenarios were evaluated primarily using existing information. Valuation metrics and scoring criteria were developed in a companion paper, this volume. The habitat valuation consists of extensive narratives, as well as scores for aspects of site use value, site rarity, and use value added from spatial context. Metrics for habitat value were expressed with respect to different spatial scales, depending on data availability. There was significant variation in habitat value among the six sites, among measures for different taxa at a single site, between measures of use and rarity at a single site, and among measures for particular taxa at a single site with respect to different spatial scales. Most sites had aspects of low, medium, and high habitat value. Few high scores for current use value were given. These include: wetland plant communities at all aquatic sites, Lepomid sunfish and waterbirds at 1007-P1 pond, and Lepomid sunfish and amphibians at K-901 pond. Aquatic sites create a high-value ecological corridor for waterbirds, and the Contractor's Spoil Area and possibly the K-901-N Disposal Site have areas that are part of a strong terrestrial ecological corridor. The only example of recent observations of rare species at these sites is the gray bat observed at the K-1007-P1 pond. Some aspects of habitat value are expected to improve under no-action scenarios at a few of the sites. Methods are applicable to other contaminated sites where sufficient ecological data are available for the site and region. 相似文献
140.
Kyle M. Hall Rebecca W. Zeckoski Kevin M. Brannan Brian L. Benham 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(2):489-495
Abstract: Computer simulation models are used extensively for the development of total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). Specifically, the Hydrological Simulation Program‐FORTRAN (HSPF) is used in Virginia for the development of TMDLs for bacteria impairments. HSPF estimates discharge from a reach using function tables (FTABLES). The FTABLE relates stream stage, surface area, and volume to discharge from a reach. In this study, five FTABLE estimation methods were assessed by comparing their effect on various simulation outputs. Four “field‐based” methods used detailed cross‐sectional data collected via site surveys. A fifth “digital‐based” method used digital elevation data in combination with the Natural Resources Conservation Service Regional Hydraulic Geometry Curves. Sets of FTABLEs created using each method were used in simulations of instream bacteria concentration for a Virginia watershed. Several statistics relating to instream bacteria including long‐term average concentration, die‐off, and the violation rate of Virginia’s bacteria criterion were compared. The pair‐wise Student’s t‐test was used for the comparison. The HSPF simulations that used FTABLES estimated from digitally based data consistently produced significantly higher long‐term average instream fecal bacteria concentrations, significantly lower instream fecal bacteria die‐off, which is related to differences in residence time in the streams, and significantly higher water quality criterion violation rates. 相似文献