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151.
Maria Garbuzova Reinhard Madlener 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(4):387-413
Russia is one of the most energy- and carbon-intensive countries in the world. The high level of technical abrasion and a
low level of investments into modernization of the Russian energy industry cause huge energy wastage and carbon emissions.
This situation is regarded by countries relying on energy imports from Russia as an increasing threat to security of supply
and as a major barrier to global climate change policy. This paper provides an overview of the current and future Russian
energy efficiency and greenhouse gas mitigation policies. The focus is laid on the detailed investigation of the progress
and future potential of the market-oriented mechanisms Joint Implementation (JI) and Green Investment Scheme (GIS), being
considered as two possible channels for FDI in transnational energy efficiency and carbon mitigation projects. The analysis
was conducted by reviewing the relevant scientific and non-scientific literature including a variety of theoretical and practice-oriented
arguments. Based on this assessment, we conclude that JI and GIS are confronted with numerous barriers in the Russian energy
market. We further scrutinize the ability of Energy Service Companies (ESCOs), as one of the market intermediary models, to
overcome some of these barriers in the process of effectively integrating JI and GIS in their long-term business strategies.
Due to the compatibility of the main features of JI and GIS with the working procedures under the ESCO model we conclude that
numerous synergy effects can be generated and that the majority of transaction barriers specific for the Russian energy market
can be overcome. Such an integrative framework for international energy efficiency and carbon mitigation projects would contribute
to the modernization of the Russian energy industry and enable a “win-win” situation for foreign companies seeking to invest
in a sustainable manner. 相似文献
152.
153.
Geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems and remote sensing have been increasingly used in public health settings since the 1990s, but application of these methods in humanitarian emergencies has been less documented. Recent areas of application of GIS methods in humanitarian emergencies include hazard, vulnerability, and risk assessments; rapid assessment and survey methods; disease distribution and outbreak investigations; planning and implementation of health information systems; data and programme integration; and programme monitoring and evaluation. The main use of GIS in these areas is to provide maps for decision-making and advocacy, which allow overlaying types of information that may not normally be linked. GIS is also used to improve data collection in the field (for example, for rapid health assessments or mortality surveys). Development of GIS methods requires further research. Although GIS methods may save resources and reduce error, initial investment in equipment and capacity building may be substantial. Especially in humanitarian emergencies, equipment and methodologies must be practical and appropriate for field use. Add-on software to process GIS data needs to be developed and modified. As equipment becomes more user-friendly and costs decrease, GIS will become more of a routine tool for humanitarian aid organisations in humanitarian emergencies, and new and innovative uses will evolve. 相似文献
154.
155.
The assessment of environmental impacts along the life cycle of biofuels is a complex and resource-demanding task that cannot be afforded by small producers in developing countries. Therefore, certification schemes bear the risk that small and independent producers will be locked out and the market for sustainable biofuels will be dominated by international investors and large-scale plantations. However, many environmental impacts of various production chains of biofuels and feedstocks are already known. This knowledge has been used to create a web-based questionnaire for a “Sustainability Quick Check for Biofuels” (SQCB, http://www.sqcb.org). SQCB reduces the need for user entries to the most relevant and best-known parameters of the biofuel production chain. Based on this user input, a specific inventory is automatically modelled and linked to background data. SQCB then calculates the environmental impact assessment and checks the results against sustainability criteria. Since the results are calculated immediately, key environmental factors can be interactively analyzed. One major goal of the SQCB is to support the market entrance for local biofuel producers, given that strengthening local stakeholders is a key driver for empowering rural communities in development countries. 相似文献
156.
Stine Aakre Ilona Banaszak Reinhard Mechler Dirk Rübbelke Anita Wreford Harvir Kalirai 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(7):721-736
Increasing losses from weather related extreme events coupled with limited coping capacity suggest a need for strong adaptation
commitments, of which public sector responses to adjustments to actual and expected climate stimuli are key. The European
Commission has started to address this need in the emerging European Union (EU) climate adaptation strategy; yet, a specific
rationale for adaptation interventions has not clearly been identified, and the economic case for adaptation to extremes remains
vague. Basing the diagnosis on economic welfare theory and an empirical analysis of the current EU and member states’ roles
in managing disaster risk, we discuss how and where the public sector may intervene for managing climate variability and change.
We restrict our analysis to financial disaster management, a domain of adaptation intervention, which is of key concern for
the EU adaptation strategy. We analyse three areas of public sector interventions, supporting national insurance systems,
providing compensation to the affected post event as well as intergovernmental loss sharing through the EU solidarity fund,
according to the three government functions of allocation, distribution, and stabilization suggested by welfare theory, and
suggest room for improvement. 相似文献
157.
Zounemat-Kermani Mohammad Alizamir Meysam Keshtegar Behrooz Batelaan Okke Hinkelmann Reinhard 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(14):20556-20570
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study evaluates the potential of kriging-based (kriging and kriging-logistic) and machine learning models (MARS, GBRT, and ANN) in predicting the... 相似文献
158.
Tügel Franziska Hassan Aziz Hou Jingming Hinkelmann Reinhard 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2022,27(2):205-231
Environmental Modeling & Assessment - This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of literature parameter values for the Green–Ampt infiltration model to be used in hydrodynamic... 相似文献