乌梁素海富营养化状态的模糊模式识别研究

本文利用模糊模式识别交叉迭代模型对分布于乌梁素海各水功能区的21个水质监测点,2009年5月～10月的富营养化等级进行了模糊模式识别研究;并利用Arcview的空间分析功能,绘制富营养化等级识别结果的空间分布月变化Grid图。将富营养化状态识别结果及其分布区域与乌梁素海同期水质监测指标浓度变化及其分布区域进行对比分析及验证。识别结果与实际水质状况相符,验证了该方法的有效性。     

Effect of impeller type and agitation on the performance of pilot scale ASBR and AnSBBR applied to sanitary wastewater treatment

The objective of this work was to assess the effect of agitation rate and impeller type in two mechanically stirred sequencing batch reactors: one containing granulated biomass (denominated ASBR) and the other immobilized biomass on polyurethane foam (denominated AnSBBR). Each configuration, with total volume of 1 m³, treated 0.65 m³ sanitary wastewater at ambient temperature in 8-h cycles. Three impeller types were assessed for each reactor configuration: flat-blade turbine impeller, 45°-inclined-blade turbine impeller and helix impeller, as well as two agitation rates: 40 and 80 rpm, resulting in a combination of six experimental conditions. In addition, the ASBR was also operated at 20 rpm with a flat-blade turbine impeller and the AnSBBR was operated with a draft tube and helix impeller at 80 and 120 rpm. To quantify how impeller type and agitation rate relate to substrate consumption rate, results obtained during monitoring at the end of the cycle, as well as the time profiles during a cycle were analyzed. Increasing agitation rate from 40 rpm to 80 rpm in the AnSBBR improved substrate consumption rate whereas in the ASBR this increase destabilized the system, likely due to granule rupture caused by the higher agitation. The AnSBBR showed highest solids and substrate removal, highest kinetic constant and highest alkalinity production when using a helix impeller, 80 rpm, and no draft tube. The best condition for the ASBR was achieved with a flat-blade turbine impeller at 20 rpm. The presence of the draft tube in the AnSBBR did not show significant improvement in reactor efficiency. Furthermore, power consumption studies in these pilot scale reactors showed that power transfer required to improve mass transfer might be technically and economically feasible.     

Leptospirosis risk increases with changes in species composition of rat populations

Rats are major reservoirs of leptospirosis and considered as a main threat to biodiversity. A recent introduction of Rattus rattus to the island of Futuna (Western Polynesia) provided the opportunity to test if a possible change in species composition of rat populations would increase the risk of leptospirosis to humans. We trapped rodents on Wallis and Futuna and assessed Leptospira carriage in 357 rodents (Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus, Rattus exulans, and Mus domesticus) from 2008 to 2012. While Leptospira prevalence in rodents and the composition of rat populations on Futuna fluctuated with rainfall, the biomass of Leptospira-carrying rodents has been continuously rising from 2008 to 2012. Our results suggest that the introduction of R. rattus increases the risk to humans being infected with leptospirosis by rats.     

土地利用程度与效益耦合协调方法研究——以阿鲁科尔沁旗为例

以阿鲁科尔沁旗为研究区域,以所属各乡镇为研究单元,运用土地利用程度综合指数、综合效益指数及耦合度与协调度模型,对全旗各乡镇土地利用程度与效益的空间差异及耦合度与协调度进行分析。结果表明:全旗土地利用程度呈中等状态,14个乡镇土地利用程度综合指数平均值为203.2;土地利用综合效益指数平均值为1.160,土地利用经济效益、生态效益、社会效益指数平均值分别为0.451、0.392、0.317;土地利用程度和土地利用效益空间差异较大,土地利用效益从区域中心向外围呈逐渐增加趋势;土地利用程度和效益的耦合度平均值为0.454,总体呈拮抗状态,协调度平均值为0.308,总体呈中度协调状态,土地利用程度与效益间的协调度与耦合度居高的乡镇多为牧草地占多数和以畜牧业为支撑产业的乡镇。     

浅谈虎林湿地开发对气候的影响及对策

在地球各种生态系统类型中,湿地生态系统具有维持生物多样性、调蓄洪水、防止自然灾害、降解污染等重要的生态功能,被誉为自然的宝库.湿地也是地球上最重要和生产价值最高的生态系统,是地球上独特的有多种功能的生态系统,有丰富的自然资源和巨大的环境功能.本文针对虎林市近50年来的湿地变化对区域气候的影响,提出缓解不良影响的对策.     

浅谈突发性水污染事故应急体系的建设

近年来,中国接连发生多起重大突发性水污染事故,不仅造成了巨大的经济损失,而且造成了社会的不安定和生态环境的严重破坏.根据其事故具有不确定性、流域性、处理的艰巨性、影响的长期性和应急主体不明确性的特点,需要在事故发生前建立完整的突发性水污染事故应急体系.它主要包括应急救援组织机构的建立、应急预案的制定、应急培训和演习、应急救援行动的响应、现场污染控制和清洁、应急终止和善后处理内容,从而将事故损失减少到最小程度.     

铁路煤扬尘抑尘试验研究

抑尘剂溶液喷洒在煤堆表面后,能使其表面粘结形成具有一定强度的硬壳,具有防尘作用.试验测定了未喷抑尘剂和喷有不同抑尘剂的煤样在30 m/s风速下的扬尘浓度,并在黑龙江省鸡西市华峰洗煤厂进行了现场试验.试验结果表明,喷洒抑尘剂对铁路煤运中煤抑尘效果有一定改善.铁路煤运过程中应用该抑尘剂不仅可以减少扬尘、保护环境,而且还可减少煤的流失.     

Hydrolysis mechanism of carbendazim hydrolase from the strain Microbacterium sp. djl-6F

The carbendazim(MBC) hydrolyzing enzyme gene was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) from a newly isolated MBC-degrading bacterium strain Microbacterium sp. strain djl-6F. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS)analysis revealed that purified MheI-6F protein catalyzes direct hydrolysis of MBC into2-aminobenzimidazole(2-AB) with a high turnover rate and moderate affinity(Kmof6.69 μmol/L and kcatof 160.88/min) without the need for any cofactors. The optimal catalytic condition of MheI-6F was identified as 45°C, pH 7.0. The enzymatic activity of MheI-6F was found to be diminished by metal ions, and strongly inhibited by sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS).Through generating amino acid mutations in MheI-6F, Cys16 and Cys222 were identified as the catalytic groups that are essential for the hydrolysis of MBC. This is the first report on the biodegradation of MBC at the enzymatice level.     

Micropollutant removal and disinfection byproduct control by sequential peroxymonosulfate-UV treatment in water: A case study with sulfamethoxazole

UV/peroxymonosulfate (UV/PMS) advanced oxidation process has attracted significant attention for removal of micropollutants in water. However, during practical water treatment applications, the PMS treatment must be performed before the UV treatment to achieve full contact. In this study, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was selected as the target micropollutant. Four different operational approaches, including UV alone, PMS alone, simultaneous UV/PMS and sequential PMS-UV, were compared for their differences in SMX removal and disinfection by-product (DBP) formation potentials during chlorine-driven disinfection. Among the four approaches, UV/PMS and PMS-UV achieved over 90% removal efficiencies for SMX without substantial differences. For raw water, the trichloronitromethane (TCNM) formation potential after treatment with PMS-UV was lower than that after UV/PMS treatment. The time interval over which the PMS-UV process was conducted had little effect on the final removal efficiency for SMX. However, a brief (5 min) pre-PMS treatment significantly reduced the TCNM formation potential and the genotoxicity from DBPs. The formation risk for TCNM during chlorination increased markedly with increasing PMS dosages, and the appropriate dosage under these experimental conditions was suggested to be 0.5–1.0 mmol/L. Under alkaline conditions, PMS-UV treatment can enhance SMX degradation as well as dramatically reduced the formation potentials for haloketones, haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes. This study suggests that proper optimization of UV/PMS processes can remove SMX and reduce its DBP formation.