宜昌市机动车行驶工况研究

利用GPS车载测试系统对宜昌市轻型客车、轻型卡车、重型卡车和公交车等车型机动车行驶工况分别进行测试。基于测试结果,采用特征参数法合成了宜昌市机动车分车型行驶工况,分析了其特征并与欧美标准工况和5个不同规模城市的机动车行驶工况进行了对比。结果表明：宜昌市机动车行驶平均速度高于ECE15工况,低于FTP-75工况;怠速比例...     

三峡水库蓄水后开县消落带植物群落数量分析

为了解三峡水库蓄水后消落带植物群落的特征,于2008年7-9月对重庆市开县消落带进行现场调查,并应用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析法(DCA)对三峡水库156 m蓄水后消落带植物群落进行数量分类和排序.结果表明,TWINSPAN将170个样方划分为19类,其中具代表性的主要植物群落为水蓼(Po-lygonum hydropiper)群落、苍耳+狗牙根(Xanthium mongolicum+Cynodo dactylon)群落、苍耳(X.mongolicum)群落、双穗雀稗(Paspalum paspaeoides)群落和白茅(Imperata cylindrical)群落,反映了因海拔变化(145～156 m)而导致的淹水时间的差异.DCA排序结果显示,淹水时间、土壤湿度和土壤质地是消落带植物群落组成和空间分布的主要限制性影响因子.     

Spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Nullah Aik-tributary of the river Chenab, Pakistan

This study reports the spatio-temporal changes in water quality of Nullah Aik, tributary of the Chenab River, Pakistan. Stream water samples were collected at seven sampling sites on seasonal basis from September 2004 to April 2006 and were analyzed for 24 water quality parameters. Most significant parameters which contributed in spatio-temporal variations were assessed by statistical techniques such as Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HACA), Factor Analysis/Principal Components Analysis (FA/PCA), and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). HACA identified three different classes of sites: Relatively Unimpaired, Impaired and Less Impaired Regions on the basis of similarity among different physicochemical characteristics and pollutant level between the sampling sites. DFA produced the best results for identification of main variables for temporal and spatial analysis and separated eight parameters (DO, hardness, sulphides, K, Fe, Pb, Cr and Zn) that accounted 89.7% of total variations of spatial analysis. Temporal analysis using DFA separated six parameters (E.C., TDS, salinity, hardness, chlorides and Pb) that showed more than 84.6% of total temporal variation. FA/PCA identified six significant factors (sources) which were responsible for major variations in water quality dataset of Nullah Aik. The results signify that parameters identified by statistical analyses were responsible for water quality change and suggest the possibility of industrial, municipal and agricultural runoff, parent rock material contamination. The results suggest dire need for proper management measures to restore the water quality of this tributary for a healthy and promising aquatic ecosystem and also highlights its importance for objective ecological policy and decision making process.     

高95井硫化氢处理及防治措施研究

文章分析总结了硫化氢对钻井的影响及在钻井中应注意的事项,并结合胜利油田高95井现场取芯钻井过程中硫化氢六次高显示的处理工艺,提出了主要防治措施,对该区块的高含硫化氢井有参考借鉴价值。     

Unilateral congenital short femur: A case report

A case of congenital short femur in an otherwise healthy infant is described. Antenatal sonographic diagnosis was made at 26 weeks of gestation. The left femur was shorter than the right (ratio 0·82–0·85). In this case, the occurrence of congenital short femur was sporadic. The diagnosis was confirmed after delivery. This case illustrates the importance of ultrasound as an early detector of certain congenital anomalies and as a useful tool in their follow-up.     

Cu fractions, mobility and bioavailability in soil-wheat system after Cu-enriched livestock manure applications

Fertilization of crops with livestock manure (LM) is a common waste disposal option, but repeated application of LM containing high concentrations of heavy metals such as Cu could lead to crop toxicity and environmental risk. To examine the Cu availability and uptake by wheat in a Mollisol affected by Cu-enriched LM, pot experiments were conducted. LM (376 mg kg⁻¹ Cu originally) was spiked with different concentrations of Cu (0, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg kg⁻¹ soil, added as CuSO₄) to simulate soil Cu contamination by LM application. The results indicated that Cu was predominately distributed in organic bound fraction, while the most drastic increase was found in reducible fraction. Acid-extractable fraction played a more important role than other fractions in controlling the mobility and bioavailability of Cu. DTPA-extractable Cu may overestimate the Cu bioavailability since DTPA solution could extract soluble and part of stable forms. The application of LM at 1% level significantly decline the Cu mobility, but that at 3% level exhibited the opposite effect.Although the quantities of Cu in wheat was very low compared with the accumulation in soil, Cu concentrations in roots increased evidently from 12 to 533 mg kg⁻¹ and that in aerial parts were in a narrow range from 12.1 to 32.7 mg kg⁻¹, indicating the more sensitivity of roots to the Cu toxicity. The Cu concentrations in grains after 3% manure application did not approach the threshold for Cu toxicity (<20 mg kg⁻¹) even at higher Cu addition rates.     

Formation of toxic species and precursors of PCDD/F in thermal decomposition of alpha-cypermethrin

This article examines the thermal decomposition of alpha-cypermethrin, one of the most common pyrethroid pesticides. The objective was to identify its decomposition pathways and to gain an understanding into the formation of toxic species in the environment, including those that may behave in combustion systems, especially in fires in the environment, as precursors for PCDD/F (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans). The experiments were conducted under non-oxidative conditions using a tubular reactor housed in a three-zone heating furnace and operated with a dilute stream of alpha-cypermethrin in 99.999% nitrogen. The condensable products were identified and quantitated, after being collected in a cold solvent trap and in an activated charcoal cartridge. The study revealed the formation of pollutants including precursors of toxic PCDD/F such as diphenyl ether and phenol. It was also found that the decomposition of alpha-cypermethrin involved parallel pathways of an unusual vinylcyclopropane rearrangement-cum-aromatisation reaction transforming alpha-cypermethrin and a rupture of the C(O)OC(CN) linkage. The former is similar to that occurring in the decomposition of permethrin pesticide, whereas the latter constitutes a newly discovered channel for the formation of pollutants. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations allowed us to attribute the occurrence of the second pathway to the effect of the cyanide group in significantly weakening the OC bond.     

Nitrogen concentrations in mosses indicate the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Europe

In 2005/6, nearly 3000 moss samples from (semi-)natural location across 16 European countries were collected for nitrogen analysis. The lowest total nitrogen concentrations in mosses (<0.8%) were observed in northern Finland and northern UK. The highest concentrations (≥1.6%) were found in parts of Belgium, France, Germany, Slovakia, Slovenia and Bulgaria. The asymptotic relationship between the nitrogen concentrations in mosses and EMEP modelled nitrogen deposition (averaged per 50 km × 50 km grid) across Europe showed less scatter when there were at least five moss sampling sites per grid. Factors potentially contributing to the scatter are discussed. In Switzerland, a strong (r² = 0.91) linear relationship was found between the total nitrogen concentration in mosses and measured site-specific bulk nitrogen deposition rates. The total nitrogen concentrations in mosses complement deposition measurements, helping to identify areas in Europe at risk from high nitrogen deposition at a high spatial resolution.     

Increased urinary 8-hydroxy-2��-deoxyguanosine levels in workers exposed to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in a waste plastic recycling site in China

Background

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a common plasticizer used in industrial and diverse consumer products. Animal studies indicate DEHP caused developmental, reproductive, and hepatic toxicities. However, human studies of the potential effects of DEHP are limited.

Methods

The exposed site with a history of over 20 years of waste plastic recycling was located in Hunan Province, China. The reference site without known DEHP pollution source was about 50 km far away from the exposed site. In this study, 181 workers working in plastic waste recycling and 160 gender?Cage matched farmers were recruited. DEHP concentrations in water and cultivated soil samples, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), urinary 8-hydroxy-2??-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and micronuclei frequency in human capillary blood lymphocytes were analyzed.

Results

Mean levels of DEHP were greater in environment at the recycling site than at reference site (industry wastewater for the exposed: 42.43 ??g/l; well water: 14.20 vs. 0.79 ??g/l, pond water: 135.68 vs. 0.37 ??g/l, cultivated soil: 13.07 vs. 0.81 mg/kg, p?p?p?Conclusions The occupational DEHP exposure might contribute to oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid damage in the male workers.     

Analysis of surface and aerosol polarized reflectance for aerosol retrievals from polarized remote sensing in PRD urban region

A precise estimate of polarization induced by surface is crucial for polarized remote sensing dedicated to monitoring aerosol properties over urban area. The accurate knowledge of interaction between surface and aerosol polarized reflectance is essential for accurately achieving aerosol properties. In order to study surface and aerosol polarized reflectance for aerosol retrievals over urban area, a new airborne directional polarimetric camera (DPC) with high spatial resolution (4 m at 4000 m a.g.l) was developed. The surface polarized reflectance over distinct surface covers of urban area (forest, shrub, and soil) were studied using DPC measurements during a field campaign in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. The large variations were found in surface polarized reflectance of distinct urban covers due to surface type variability. For all surface types, the empirical BPDF model cannot describe accurately surface polarized reflectance at all possible illumination and observation geometries. From the quantitatively study of relationship between surface and aerosol polarized contribution to DPC measurements, we show that the polarized contributions of aerosol, which optical properties were defined by ground-based measurements, are much larger than the polarized contribution of surface, and found that the polarized contribution of surface covers increases with decreasing NDVI. The effect of polarization accuracy of measurements on aerosol retrieval was also investigated using DPC measurements, and found that 0.1% polarization accuracy of measurements can be neglected when AOD is retrieved using polarized measurements. Based on the information of effects of polarized reflectance differences between distinct surface covers and polarization accuracy of polarized measurements on retrieved aerosols over urban area, we found that the accuracy of aerosol retrieval over forest covers is higher than other surface types using polarized remote sensing.