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21.
Application of Amberlite XAD-7 impregnated with morpholine dithiocarbamate (MDTC) for separation and preconcentration of trace amounts of lead, copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, cadmium and zinc and determination by ICP-AES has been described. The optimum experimental parameters, such as pH, sample flow rate, eluent and effect of matrix ions on the preconcentration were investigated. Simultaneous enrichment of the seven metals was accomplished. The t 1/2 values for sorption are 2.9, 3.3, 3.7, 3.6, 2.8, 4.1 and 2.8 respectively for Pb(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II). The method was applied for the determination of trace metal ions in seawater and natural water samples. The results have been compared with extraction GFAAS method. 相似文献
22.
Biswajeet Pradhan 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2011,18(3):471-493
Landslides are very common natural problems in the Selangor area of Malaysia due to the improper use of landcover and tropical
rainfall. There are many landslide susceptibility analyses such as statistical, bivariate and data mining approaches exist
in the literature. This paper presents the use of fuzzy logic relations for landslide susceptibility mapping on part of Selangor
area, Malaysia, using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing data. At first, landslide locations were identified
in the study area from the interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite images, supported by extensive field surveys.
Topographic and geological data and satellite images were collected, processed, and constructed into a spatial database using
GIS and image processing. Thirteen landslide conditioning factors such as slope gradient, slope exposure, plan curvature,
altitude, stream power index, topographic wetness index, distance from drainage, distance from road, lithology, distance from
faults, soil, landcover and normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) were extracted from the spatial database. These
factors were analyzed using fuzzy logic relations to produce the landslide susceptibility maps. Using the landslide conditioning
factors and the identified landslides, the fuzzy membership values were calculated. Then fuzzy algebraic operators were applied
to the fuzzy membership values for landslide susceptibility mapping. Finally, the ROC curves for all landslide susceptibility
models were drawn and the area under curve values were calculated. Landslide locations were used to validate results of the
landslide susceptibility maps and the validation results showed 94% accuracy for the fuzzy gamma operator employing all parameters
produced in the present study as the landslide conditioning factors. Results showed that, among the fuzzy relations, in the
case in which the gamma operator (λ = 0.975) showed the best accuracy (94.73%) while the case in which the fuzzy algebraic
Or was applied showed the worst accuracy (84.76%). The landslide susceptibility maps produced by the fuzzy gamma operators
shows similar trends as those obtained by applying logistic regression procedure by the same author and indicate that fuzzy
relations results perform slightly better than the earlier method. Qualitatively, the model yields reasonable results which
can be used for preliminary land-use planning purposes. 相似文献
23.
Gamma Galudra Meine van Noordwijk Putra Agung Suyanto Suyanto Ujjwal Pradhan 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(6):715-731
Policies designed to reduce land-based carbon emissions require a good understanding of the complex connections between state-sanctioned concessions, forest conversion, informal land markets and migrants. Our case study in the peat forests of the Tanjung Jabung Barat (TanJaBar) regency of Jambi, Indonesia aimed to explore relations between four key stakeholder groups: the state, local communities, migrants, and state-sanctioned concessions. We hypothesized that current land use patterns are shaped by insecurity in formal forest tenure alongside informal land tenure arrangements with migrants. In analyzing the six two-way relationships between the four stakeholder groups, we found that interactions between the stakeholders have changed local norms and practice, causing land conflicts and contested claims that need to be explicitly addressed in efforts to reduce carbon emissions in TanJaBar. Relational concepts of land rights between migrants and local community leaders are informed by social identity, expectations of investment opportunities, insecure customary forest tenure and competing land use policies. Migrants act as intermediaries in shaping the land tenure system and shift the balance of power between local communities, the state, and business concessions. We conclude that effective and equitable implementation of national Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation+ (REDD+) programs will need to recognize underlying land ownership dynamics, power struggles and strategic positioning among stakeholders across scales. Obtaining free and prior informed consent (FPIC) from all relevant stakeholders is a major challenge given this complexity. Low emission development strategies will require recognition of a reality beyond large-scale concessions and traditional local communities. 相似文献
24.
25.
Phosphorus removal in vegetated filter strips 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Abu-Zreig M Rudra RP Whiteley HR Lalonde MN Kaushik NK 《Journal of environmental quality》2003,32(2):613-619
Vegetated filter strips (VFS) are used recently for removal, at or near the source, of sediment and sediment-bound chemicals from cropland runoff. Vegetation within the flowpath increases water infiltration and decreases water turbulence, thus enhancing pollutant removal by sedimentation within filter media and infiltration through the filter surface. Field experiments have been conducted to examine the efficiency of vegetated filter strips for phosphorus removal from cropland runoff with 20 filters with varying length (2 to 15 m), slope (2.3 and 5%), and vegetated cover, including bare-soil plots as control. Artificial runoff used in this study had an average phosphorus concentration of 2.37 mg L(-1) and a sediment concentration of 2700 mg L(-1). The average phosphorus trapping efficiency of all vegetated filters was 61% and ranged from 31% in a 2-m filter to 89% in a 15-m filter. Filter length has been found to be the predominant factor affecting P trapping in VFS. The rate of inflow, type of vegetation, and density of vegetation coverage had secondary influences on P removal. Short filters (2 and 5 m), which are somewhat effective in sediment removal, are much less effective in P removal. Increasing the filter length beyond 15 m is ineffective in enhancing sediment removal but is expected to further enhance P removal. Sediment deposition, infiltration, and plant adsorption are the primary mechanisms for phosphorus trapping in VFS. 相似文献
26.
Passive Samplers for NOx Monitoring: A Critical Review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nitrogen oxide is an important gaseous air pollutant. It plays a major role in atmospheric chemistry, particularly in the formation of secondary air pollutants such as ozone, peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN), nitrate aerosols, and contributes to environmental acidification. A comprehensive assessment of NO2 levels in the atmosphere is required for developing effective strategies for control of air pollution and improvement of air quality. Consequently, spatial NO2 monitoring has become an important aspect of air quality assessment. Present NO2 monitoring networks are mostly confined to urban areas, having a limited number of monitoring sites. Wide spatial NO2 monitoring in India is constrained because of the limited availability of the monitoring equipment, such as continuous chemiluminesence monitors, high volume and handy samplers, which are expensive and need to be imported. Moreover, they require elaborate infrastructure, scientific personnel, technical support and uninterrupted power supply. In an effort to overcome the above shortcomings, passive samplers have been successfully used for large scale monitoring of NO2 in the ambient environment.In recent years, passive samplers have been gaining increasing attention because they are simple, lightweight and cheap devices, which operate without any power source. Passive samplers have been found to be efficient, cost effective and free from the need for elaborate calibration and maintenance. Hence, they are ideally suited for developing a wide spatial network for NO2 monitoring. This paper presents a comprehensive review including, historical development and critical assessment of validation studies along with comparison of both badge and tube type passive samplers. An attempt has been also made to highlight advantages and limitations, as well as discussion on the factors affecting the efficiency of passive samplers under field conditions. 相似文献
27.
Rani R Trivedi SP Singh P Singh RK 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2002,23(2):213-214
ESR increased at all concentrations and exposures to LAS. However, increases were more pronounced at LC50 for 24 h and minimum at the end of 96 h. 相似文献
28.
The mass-transfer coefficient of a free-fall cascade-aeratorunit of 15 million litres per day was evaluated for its efficiency in the removal of a class of volatile organics, the trihalomethanes(THMs). These compounds are carcinogenic and occur as a resultof chlorination of natural waters. Due to the volatile nature ofthe THMs, the efficiency of aeration as a potential techniquefor their removal has been studied. The principle behindaeration is gas-transfer, according to which the gas-liquidinterface is hypothesized to consist of a gas and liquid filmthrough which gas is transferred by molecular diffusion untilequilibrium is attained. The overall mass transfer coefficient(K
L) of the aerator considering oxygen as the reference compound, was found to be29.3 hr-1 for THMs. 相似文献
29.
Babu MS Gopal NV Reddy KP 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2007,28(1):21-27
This study reports the effects of low level developmental Pb exposure on specific brain regions like hippocampus, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres of antioxidant enzyme activities. Wistar dams were exposed to 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 500 ppm of Pb acetate in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation (gestation day 6 through PND 21 (post natal day) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GR) were determined in the hippocampus, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres of pups during treatment period (PND 7, 14, and 21 days) and also during withdrawl period (PND 35, 45, 60 and 90 days). During treatment period, SOD activity significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in all regions of all the treated groups with maximum decrease in 500 ppm treated group of 21 days, while GSH-Px and GR activities increased with maximum increase in 21 days aged 500 ppm group. During withdrawl period, the activities of all enzymes were significantly (p < 0.05) reversed. Thus the perinatal exposure of dams to variable dosages of low level lead results in characteristic neurochemical alterations in rat brain regions due to impaired antioxidants function. 相似文献
30.
Singh PB Singh V 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2007,28(3):605-610
The catfish, H. fossilis were exposed to endosulfan for 30 days at sub-lethal concentration (0.002 ppm) during different phases of its annual reproductive cycle. Its impact on total (TP) and different phospholipids- phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatdylinositol (Pl) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were measured in liver plasma and ovary. On pesticide exposure, during preparatory phase, the hepatic TP PC and PE were declined. The plasma levels of TP, PC and PS were declined with the elevation of PE whereas in ovary only PC was lowered after endosulfan exposure. During pre-spawning phase, the hepatic TP, PC and PE declined in liver plasma and ovary after endosulfan exposure. During spawning phase, only plasma and ovarian phospholipids showed decrease in their levels following endosulfan exposure. In the post-spawning phase, endosulfan elevated the levels of TP, PC and PS in ovary but had no effect on their levels in liver and plasma. During resting phase, the TP, PC and Pl were found to be decreasing its levels. Thus it appears that this pesticide interfere with phospholipids metabolism during annual reproductive cycle of this species. 相似文献