基于SWAT模型的三峡库区香溪河非点源氮磷负荷模拟

三峡水库蓄水后,水动力条件改变下营养盐的过量输入导致部分支流库湾水华现象及水体富营养化问题严重.本文以香溪河为研究示范区,基于GIS平台建立流域下垫面空间数据库,以氮磷为研究对象,应用SWAT模型对流域三大主要水系及涉及35个子流域进行2000-2009年径流、营养盐输出模拟研究,并对实测数据和模拟结果进行分析,结果表明:径流模拟结果校验阶段的效率系数0.65和0.86,确定系数是0.78和0.91,模拟效果较好,径流和营养盐负荷受降雨影响呈正相关关系,在丰水年和丰水季节较大,2000-2009年期间TN和TP年均负荷分别是2640.64和300.01 t,在2007年达到最大值,分别是3475.96和399.20 t,在2005年为最小值,分别是2036.72和226.44 t,TN和TP负荷的贡献率高岚水系＞古夫水系＞南阳水系,支流TN和TP输出强度空间差异较大,空间分布差异系数分别是0.34和0.58,TN最大值和最小值是29.39 kg·hm-2·a-1和3.86 kg·hm-2·a-1,TP最大值和最小值分别是4.90 kg·hm-2·a-1和0.54 kg·hm-2·a-1.     

碳源对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能影响的试验研究

分别研究了无机碳源和有机碳源对厌氧氨氧化反应脱氮性能的影响。接种稳定运行的复合式UASB厌氧氨氧化反应器污泥至ASBR反应器进行批式试验,考察不同碳酸氢钠浓度及COD浓度条件下的氮素转化情况,研究碳源对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果的影响。厌氧氨氧化反应适宜的进水碳酸氢钠浓度为1.5～2.0 mg/L,超过30 mg/L时有机碳源的存在对厌氧氨氧化反应产生抑制作用,COD浓度超过60 mg/L时反应器表现出反硝化特性。无机碳源对厌氧氨氧化反应的影响表现在提供充足碳源和调节反应器pH的综合作用,较高浓度的COD对厌氧氨氧化反应具有抑制作用。     

Metabolomic analysis of the selection response of Drosophila melanogaster to environmental stress: are there links to gene expression and phenotypic traits?

We investigated the global metabolite response to artificial selection for tolerance to stressful conditions such as cold, heat, starvation, and desiccation, and for longevity in Drosophila melanogaster. Our findings were compared to data from other levels of biological organization, including gene expression, physiological traits, and organismal stress tolerance phenotype. Overall, we found that selection for environmental stress tolerance changes the metabolomic ¹H NMR fingerprint largely in a similar manner independent of the trait selected for, indicating that experimental evolution led to a general stress selection response at the metabolomic level. Integrative analyses across data sets showed little similarity when general correlations between selection effects at the level of the metabolome and gene expression were compared. This is likely due to the fact that the changes caused by these selection regimes were rather mild and/or that the dominating determinants for gene expression and metabolite levels were different. However, expression of a number of genes was correlated with the metabolite data. Many of the identified genes were general stress response genes that are down-regulated in response to selection for some of the stresses in this study. Overall, the results illustrate that selection markedly alters the metabolite profile and that the coupling between different levels of biological organization indeed is present though not very strong for stress selection at this level. The results highlight the extreme complexity of environmental stress adaptation and the difficulty of extrapolating and interpreting responses across levels of biological organization.     

Context dependency and generality of fever in insects

Fever can reduce mortality in infected animals. Yet, despite its fitness-enhancing qualities, fever often varies among animals. We used several approaches to examine this variation in insects. Texas field crickets (Gryllus texensis) exhibited a modest fever (1 °C increase in preferred body temperature, T _pref) after injection of prostaglandin, which putatively mediates fever in both vertebrates and invertebrates, but they did not exhibit fever during chronic exposure to heat-killed bacteria. Further, chronic food limitation and mating status did not affect T _pref or the expression of behavioural fever, suggesting limited context dependency of fever in G. texensis. Our meta-analysis of behavioural fever studies indicated that behavioural fever occurs in many insects, but it is not ubiquitous. Thus, both empirical and meta-analytical results suggest that the fever response in insects ‘is widespread, although certainly not inevitable’ (Moore 2002). We highlight the need for future work focusing on standardizing an experimental protocol to measure behavioural fever, understanding the specific mechanism(s) underlying fever in insects, and examining whether ecological or physiological costs often outweigh the benefits of fever and can explain the sporadic nature of fever in insects.     

The effect of flower-like and non-flower-like visual properties on choice of unrewarding patterns by bumblebees

How do distinct visual stimuli help bumblebees discover flowers before they have experienced any reward outside of their nest? Two visual floral properties, type of a pattern (concentric vs radial) and its position on unrewarding artificial flowers (central vs peripheral on corolla), were manipulated in two experiments. Both visual properties showed significant effects on floral choice. When pitted against each other, pattern was more important than position. Experiment 1 shows a significant effect of concentric pattern position, and experiment 2 shows a significant preference towards radial patterns regardless of their position. These results show that the presence of markings at the center of a flower are not so important as the presence of markings that will direct bees there.     

Bechstein’s bats maintain individual social links despite a complete reorganisation of their colony structure

Several social mammals, including elephants and some primates, whales and bats, live in multilevel societies that form temporary subgroups. Despite these fission–fusion dynamics, group members often maintain long-term bonds. However, it is unclear whether such individual links and the resulting stable social subunits continue to exist after a complete reorganisation of a society, e.g. following a population crash. Here, we employed a weighted network analysis on 7,109 individual roosting records collected over 4 years in a wild Bechstein’s bat colony. We show that, in response to a strong population decline, the colony’s two stable social subunits fused into a non-modular social network. Nevertheless, in the first year after the crash, long-term bonds were still detectable, suggesting that the bats remembered previous individual relationships. Our findings are important for understanding the flexibility of animal societies in the face of dramatic changes and for the conservation of social mammals with declining populations.

     

Factors influencing the contents of metals and As in soils around the watershed of Guanting Reservoir, China

Topsoil samples from 61 sites around the Guanting Reservoir,China,were measured for Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As concentrations.The mean concentrations of Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As were 16.8,59.4,37.8,18.3,0.32,20.1 and 8.67 mg/kg dry weight,respectively.Factors that influence the dynamics of these metals in soils around the watersheds of Beijing reservoirs were examined.The influence of atmospheric deposition,land use,soil texture,soil type and soil chemical parameters on metal contents in soils was investigated.Atmospheric deposition,land use and soil texture were the important factors affecting heavy metal residues.Soil type and soil chemical parameters were also involved in heavy metal retention in soils.The data provided in this study are considered crucial for reservoir remediation,especially since the Guanting Reservoir will serve as one of the main drinking water sources for Beijing in the foreseeable future.     

Removal and transformation of organic matters in domestic wastewater during lab-scale chemically enhanced primary treatment and a trickling filter treatment

To find a simple and economical way for treating the domestic wastewater in small counties and towns, a process combining chemically enhanced primary treatment and a trickling filter (CEPT-TF, representing the physical and biological effects) was constructed and operated in laboratory conditions. The characteristic behaviors of dissolved organic matter in raw wastewater and effluents were examined during steady-state operation. Experimental results showed that the process of CEPT and TF in series was beneficial for the removal of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organics. Specially, the hydrophobic and aromatic materials could be preferentially removed in the CEPT unit, and the hydrophilic fraction in the TF. Structural changes of the organic fractions during the operation of the different units were also characterized via spectrum analysis.     

太湖流域典型河流沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

武宜运河位于太湖西部贯穿大部分太湖入湖河流,其重金属污染的研究,对太湖重金属污染来源,流域管理具有重要的意义。因此,2012年8月对武宜运河全程底质调查,分析了沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr等元素,通过地累积指数评价、相关分析、潜在生态风险评价以及相关研究对比分析,得出以下结论:1)Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr污染浓度均值为129.38,207.74,52.13,28.26,77.06 mg/kg,其中Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr均超过毒性参考值(TRV),Cu超标达800%。Zn、Pb、Cr在世界湖泊沉积物中微量金属的范围(WCTMEL)内,Cu超出144%,Ni略低于WCTMEL;2)Ni-Cr、Zn-Pb具有较好的同源性。且Cu、Zn污染较高,达到"中—强"和"强"污染级别,Pb污染级别其次,Ni、Cr污染级别较低或无污染。可以排除武宜运河携带Ni、Cr污染物进入入湖河网的可能;3)Cu为武宜运河生态风险主要贡献因子。需加强工业园区地段重金属污染控制,减少污染来源,加大武宜运河对连同入湖水系的清水补充。     

短程硝化颗粒污泥的快速培养与硝化特性研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为种泥,以2 min沉淀时间为选择压,在序批式反应器(SBR)中快速培养出好氧颗粒污泥。经过60个周期(20 d),反应器内出现砂粒状颗粒,并持续稳定运行120 d。成熟的颗粒污泥平均粒径856.56μm,具有良好的硝化性能。SBR反应器以固定曝气时间方式运行,亚硝酸盐积累率达80%以上,实现了稳定短程硝化。试验结果表明:絮体污泥(即接种污泥)与颗粒污泥的硝化过程相似但略有差异。二者差别在于,氨氮氧化结束后,继续曝气120 min,絮体污泥将亚硝酸盐完全转化为硝酸盐,而颗粒污泥仅将部分亚硝酸盐转化且过程比较缓慢。