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841.
DENNIS D. COX LAWRENCE H. COX KATHERINE B. ENSOR 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》1997,4(3):219-233
In this paper we summarize research issues for spatial environmental sampling stemming from a NISS/USEPA workshop held on 21-22 September 1994 at Chapel Hill, NC. 相似文献
842.
Do Habitat Corridors Provide Connectivity? 总被引:33,自引:1,他引:33
843.
The Ria Formosa lagoon, Portugal, receives organic matter from many natural and anthropogenic sources. This paper presents an overview of the contribution these sources made through the use of lipid biomarkers. Sixty-one surface sediment samples were collected and analysed for a range of lipids. Sewage materials were confined to regions within 2 km of discharge points; phytoplankton biomarkers (sterols and fatty acids) suggest production was greatest in the inner parts of the lagoon that also have greatest inorganic nutrient enrichment; terrestrial organic matter was present in relatively low concentrations as shown by both sterol and fatty alcohols; bacteria were widespread although the Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRBs, shown by the presence of 3-OH fatty acids) were located near but not adjacent to sewage discharge points. 相似文献
844.
L. Axelsson 《Marine Biology》1988,97(2):287-294
An automatically operated method for high precision measurements of steady-state photosynthesis by macroalgae was developed. Changes in pH and oxygen content of seawater passing the algae in a flowthrough system, could be measured with extremely high accuracy over very long periods of time. The method is especially suitable for measurements on flowthrough systems with high rates of water exchanges (i.e. short retention time), and can be used to study exchange processes for marine plants, animals and small ecosystems. Since the same measuring unit is used for several flowthrough chambers, the method is very suitable for comparisons between different species, or between differently pretreated specimens of the same species (e.g. in toxicological studies). The method was used to study the ratio: [oxygen production] to [CO2+H+ uptake] at different light intensities for several macroalgae belonging to different systematic groups and from different habitats. At lower photosynthetic rates this ratio was similar for all of the algae studied (1.17±0.02). For brown algae of the fucacean family, the ratio increased by 0.08 units at higher photosynthetic rates. This increase was thought to be related to the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-like strategies connected to these algae. For all other algae studied, the ratio remained constant or decreased slightly (at most by 0.04 units) at higher photosynthetic rates. The relations between the abovementioned ratio and the photosynthetic quotient are discussed on a theoretical basis. 相似文献
845.
H. J. Cranfield 《Marine Biology》1973,22(3):211-223
The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour. 相似文献
846.
Behavioral aspects of sperm competition in cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Sepioidea: Cephalopoda) 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Sexual selection studies in cephalopods indicate that sperm competition is a central feature of their mating systems, yet
this has not been studied experimentally in any detail. In 1998 we staged 20 matings of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis L., in the laboratory. Males rapidly initiated mating in the “head-to-head” position, with no apparent courtship. Mating
lasted an average of 10 min (range 7 to 14 min). For the first 6 min (on average 63% of the mating duration), the male flushed
strong jets of water directly at the female's buccal membrane, which sometimes resulted in the expulsion of parts of spermatangia
placed there in recent matings. Then, in a single discrete movement that lasted an average of only 14 s, the male's modified
fourth left arm – the hectocotylus – wrapped around a single large bundle of spermatophores (ca. 150 to 300) and transferred
them to the female's buccal membrane. For the remainder of the mating (average 3 min, range 1.5 to 5.0 min), the hectocotylus
repeatedly broke the spermatophores open, and manipulated them, so that sperm were released and many spermatangia were attached
along the ventral buccal membrane, near the paired seminal receptacles. Approximately 140 spermatangia were attached in rows
3 to 5 deep around the ventral buccal membrane in a single mating; the rest were usually discarded during mating. Histology
revealed that each of the seminal receptacles consists of a series of sperm storage bulbs connected by a central duct, which
leads to a single pore at the surface of the buccal membrane. Baseline data on sperm motility were obtained, but the mechanism
by which sperm enter the seminal receptacle remains unknown. Females seemed to initiate termination of mating, then males
guarded their mates temporarily. These results, combined with other recent laboratory experiments, provide evidence that sperm
competition may be a major feature of the mating system of S. officinalis.
Received: 4 January 1999 / Accepted: 18 May 1999 相似文献
847.
Saiki MK 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1987,47(3):171-186
Analysis of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, has proven useful for monitoring contaminant levels in aquatic biota; however, the small size of this species often requires the compositing of several fish to provide sufficient biomass for selenium analysis. Such composites have usually been obtained without considering the length and sex of the individual fish. The present study found significant differences in mean lengths and sex ratios of mosquitofish sampled with small-mesh dip nets from five sites close to each other in the San Joaquin Valley, California. To test the effect of these different sample characteristics, fish from each site were divided by sex into five size classes (<20, 20-30, 31-45, 46-60, and >60mm total length) before analysis for total selenium. Altogether, fish from the San Luis Drain and Kesterson Ponds 2 and 7 contained 65-360 microg g(-1) selenium (dry weight basis), or about 28- to 300-fold more than concentrations in fish of the same length and sex from the Volta Wasteway and Volta Pond 26. Except for females 31-45 mm long from the San Luis Drain that had higher concentrations than either smaller or larger females, selenium concentrations did not differ significantly among size classes. Although concentrations differed between sexes in samples from the San Luis Drain, Kesterson Pond 2, and Volta Pond 26, neither males nor females consistently had the higher concentrations. In the San Luis Drain, 20-30 and 31-45 mm long females had higher concentrations than did males of the same size classes; in Kesterson Pond 2 and Volta Pond 26, however, 20-30 mm long males had higher concentrations than did females of the same size class. Although no consistent patterns were observed, the occasional differences in selenium concentrations in fish of different length and sex indicate that these variables should be considered when surveys and monitoring studies are designed. 相似文献
848.
Knutson AB Klerks PL Levinton JS 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1987,45(4):291-304
The distribution of heavy metal contaminated sediments in Foundry Cove, a freshwater embayment of the Hudson River, was examined twelve years after the discharging of wastes from a battery factory had ceased. Concentrations of Cd, Ni and Co were measured in surficial sediments (top 5 cm) and seven detailed depth profiles. Comparison with earlier surveys showed that metal levels of surficial sediments have been considerably reduced throughout the cove. Evidence suggests that this reduction may be largely due to burial rather than transport of metals out of the cove or a redistribution (via sediment resuspension and redeposition) within the cove. This is suggested by the presence of a peak in metal concentrations at a depth of several centimetres in depositional environments, a calculation showing the loss of waterborne cadmium to be much less than the amount of cadmium lost from the surficial sediment, and the absence of increased pollution in the cleaner parts of the cove. Despite improvement, metal levels remain extremely high, including a persistent 'hot-spot' with levels higher than 10 000 ppm Cd. 相似文献
849.
铬渣的热解无害化处理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用热解工艺无害化处理铬渣,探讨了稻秆在铬渣无害化处理中的作用.研究了热解温度、稻秆与铬渣质量比、铬渣粒径及保温时间对铬渣热解无害化处理的影响,并分析了热解前后热解产物中铬元素形态的变化.结果表明,热解工艺能有效地将铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)还原,稻秆热解过程中产生的气相挥发分对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原起核心作用.较为适宜的热解条件:热解温度为400 ℃,稻秆与铬渣质量比为0.10,铬渣粒径<2 000 μm,保温时间为10 min.在该热解条件处理下,热解产物中的Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为121 mg/kg,低于热解前铬渣中的Cr(Ⅵ)(3 400 mg/kg).热解后,可交换态及碳酸盐结合态铬含量降低,大部分铬转化成了稳定的有机结合态和残渣态,极大地降低了铬渣的危害.第一作者:张大磊,男,1982生,博士研究生,研究方向为固体废弃物热处理. 相似文献
850.
Larisse Montero Matthew Duane Urbano Manfredi Covadonga Astorga Giorgio Martini Massimo Carriero Alois Krasenbrink B.R. Larsen 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(18):2167-2175
The present paper presents results from the analysis of 29 individual C2–C9 hydrocarbons (HCs) specified in the European Commission Ozone Directive. The 29 HCs are measured in exhaust from common, contemporary vehicle/engine/fuel technologies for which very little or no data is available in the literature. The obtained HC emission fingerprints are compared with fingerprints deriving from technologies that are being phased out in Europe. Based on the total of 138 emission tests, thirteen type-specific fingerprints are extracted (Mean ± SD percentage contributions from individual HCs to the total mass of the 29 HCs), essential for receptor modelling source apportionment. The different types represent exhaust from Euro3 and Euro4 light-duty (LD) diesel and petrol-vehicles, Euro3 heavy-duty (HD) diesel exhaust, and exhaust from 2-stroke preEuro, Euro1 and Euro2 mopeds. The fuels comprise liquefied petroleum gas, petrol/ethanol blends (0–85% ethanol), and mineral diesel in various blends (0–100%) with fatty acid methyl esters, rapeseed methyl esters palm oil methyl esters, soybean oil methyl or sunflower oil methyl esters. Type-specific tracer compounds (markers) are identified for the various vehicle/engine/fuel technologies.An important finding is an insignificant effect on the HC fingerprints of varying the test driving cycle, indicating that combining HC fingerprints from different emission studies for receptor modelling purposes would be a robust approach.The obtained results are discussed in the context of atmospheric ozone formation and health implications from emissions (mg km?1 for LD and mopeds and mg kW h?1 for HD, all normalised to fuel consumption: mg dm?3 fuel) of the harmful HCs, benzene and 1,3-butadiene.Another important finding is a strong linear correlation of the regulated “total” hydrocarbon emissions (tot-HC) with the ozone formation potential of the 29 HCs (ΣPO3 = (1.66 ± 0.04) × tot-RH; r2 = 0.93). Tot-HC is routinely monitored in emission control laboratories, whereas C2–C9 are not. The revealed strong correlations broadens the usability of data from vehicle emission control laboratories and facilitates the comparison of the ozone formation potential of HCs in exhaust from of old and new vehicle/engine/fuel technologies. 相似文献