微生物群落结构和多样性解析技术研究进展

微生物群落结构和多样性是微生物生态学和环境科学研究的热点内容，对于开发微生物资源，阐明微生物群落与其生境的关系，揭示群落结构与功能的联系，从而指导微生物群落功能的定向调控具有重要意义。基本按照年代顺序概述了常用的微生物群落结构及多样性解析技术，同时也体现了解析技术由片面向全面、由低分辨水平向高分辨水平的发展过程。20世纪70年代以前，对环境微生物群落结构及多样性的认识依赖传统的培养分离方法，方法的分辨水平低，认识是不全面的和有选择性的；20世纪70年代和80年代，在微生物化学成分分析的基础上建立了生物标记物方法(醌指纹法、磷脂脂肪酸法等)，对微生物群落结构和多样性的认识进入到较客观的层次上；在80和90年代，以DNA为目标物的现代分子生物学技术(rRNA基因测序技术、基因指纹图谱等)比较精确地揭示了微生物种类和遗传的多样性，并给出了关于群落结构的直观信息。指出了每种解析技术的功能特点和局限性，并展望了解析技术的发展趋势是原位、快速、灵敏、高通量和准确定量。     

Uncovering the evolution of tin use in the United States and its implications

• US tin use decreases as the GDP value added by manufacturing sector increases. • Global and China’s tin use increases as the GDP added by manufacturing increases. • A sigmoid curve can fit the US tin use data well. • US tin use patterns is not due to the finite tin reserves or resources. • Policies, substitutions, etc. play key roles in the changing tin use patterns. Tin is of key importance to daily life and national security; it is considered an essential industrial metal. The United States (US) is the world’s largest economy and consumer of natural resources. Therefore, the analysis of historical tin use in the US is helpful for understanding future tin use trends in the world as a whole and in developing countries. Time series analysis, regression analysis with GDP or GDP/capita, and historical data fitted with logistic and Gompertz models are employed in this study. Historical tin use in the US shows three stages—increase-constant-decrease, as GDP per capita has increased. Tin use in the US is negatively correlated with the GDP value added by the manufacturing sector, while the use of tin worldwide and in China continues to increase along with the GDP value added by the manufacturing sector. Although a sigmoid curve can fit the US tin use data well, that use is not directly related to the limited tin reserves or resources. Rather, policies, economic restructuring, substitutions, new end-use markets, etc. have played key roles in the changing tin use patterns. This work contributes to understanding future tin use at both the global and national levels: tin use will continue to increase with GDP at the global level, but use patterns of tin at the national level can be changed through human intervention.     

Emission control for precursors causing acid rain (V): Improvement of acid soil with the bio-briquette combustion ash

The bio-briquette technique which mixes coal, biomass and sulfur fixation agent and bio-briquettes under 3-5 t/cm^2 line pressure has aroused people‘s attention in view of controlling the air pollution and the acid rain. In this paper, the physicochemical properties of bio-briquette and its ash were investigated. And the acid soil was improved by the bio-briquette combustion ash, which contained nutritive substances such as P, N, K and had the acid-neutralizing capacity(ANC). The pH, EC, effective nutrient elements(Ca, Mg, K, P and N), heavy metal elements(AI, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Mn) and acid-neutralizing capacity change of ash-added soils within the range of 0-10%, were also studied. Specially, when 5% bio-briquette combustion ash was added to the tested soil, the content of the effective elements such as Ca, Mg and K rose by 100 times, ? times and twice, respectively. The total nitrogen also increased by about twice. The results showed the oxyanions such as that of AI, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Mn were not potentially dangerous, because they were about the same as the averages of them in Chinese soil. It is shown that the ANC became stronger, though the ANC hardly increases in the ash-added soil. On the basis of the evaluation indices, it is concluded that the best mixture ratio is to add 2.5%--8% of the bio-briquette combustion ash to the tested soil.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo p-dioxins and dibenzofurans emissions in a primary copper smelter in China

Metallurgical production is the largest polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) emission source in China. However, PCDD/F monitoring and research are rarely conducted on primary metallurgical production. In this study, a demonstration primary copper smelter in China was selected to investigate PCDD/F characteristics and control. Samples were collected from major PCDD/F release points in the smelter process (fly ashes and waste water sludge). Specific analysis of PCDD/F congeners was carried out using a high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry method. The results showed that PCDD/Fs might be unintentionally produced in the primary copper smelter processes, with sample concentrations of 180–6110 pg/g dry wt; highly chlorinated PCDD/F homologues were predominant. The toxicity of all the samples was calculated to be 120 pg WHO TEQ/g, fly ashes from the refining process furnaces air pollution control device and sludge were hazardous waste with higher PCDD/F toxicity. Both precursor formation and de novo synthesis were found to contribute to PCDD/F formation in the smelter process. PCDD/F characteristics and formation were compared with reported secondary copper smelters. Life-cycle control of PCDD/F was proposed for retrofitting of this smelter and for similar plants in China's primary copper production sector, including control at the PCDD/F formation, removal and disposal stages.     

富营养化水体降磷对浮游植物群落结构特征的影响

浮游植物是水生态系统中物质循环和能量流动的基础,作为初级生产者,浮游植物的群落结构直接影响着水生态系统的结构和功能。在水产养殖生产中,如何根据养殖生物对生活环境的需求开展精准培水、定向培水,培养养殖生物所需要的浮游植物,在维持养殖水域生态平衡的同时又能为养殖生物提供一定的饵料资源,这一直是摆在水产科技工作者面前的重要难题和研究热点。已有的资料大都是通过添加磷的方式研究磷改变对浮游植物生长的影响,而有关富营养化水体降磷对浮游植物群落结构影响的研究尚未见报道。为此,试验通过向取自富营养化湖泊的水体中加入磷去除剂,采用Pielou均匀度指数、Mcnaughton优势度指数和Shannon多样性指数,研究自然水体中的磷被降低后水体浮游植物群落结构的变化情况。结果表明,所取富营养化水体中共检出绿藻（Chlorophyta）、硅藻（Bacillariophyta）、蓝藻（Cyanophyta）、裸藻（Euglenophyta）、隐藻（Cryptophyta）、甲藻（Pyrrophyta）6门29种（包括变种和变型）;其中绿藻、蓝藻、硅藻、隐藻、裸藻、甲藻分别有7、4、2、1、1种,分别占总种数的24.13%、13.79%、6.90%、3.45%、3.45%。富营养化水体降磷后,虽然试验组和对照组在浮游植物种类组成上没有差异,但浮游植物群落结构特征发生了很大变化,浮游植物数量明显降低,由13 238.8×104cells·L-1降低至3 997.5×104cells·L-1,下降了69.8%;浮游植物优势种从1门（蓝藻（Cyanophyta））6种增加到3门（绿藻（Chlorophyta）、硅藻（Bacillariophyta）、蓝藻（Cyanophyta））12种,优势度指数从97.29%降低至86.30%,优势种门数和优势种种数远远高于对照组,优势度明显低于对照组;同时,浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度分别从1.85和0.38升高至2.60和0.54,显示出试验组浮游植物多样性和均匀度优于对照组。研究表明富营养化水体降磷对浮游植物群落结构产生了明显影响,使群落结构处于更加复杂、完整和稳定的状态。     

土生空团菌培养基优化与摇瓶培养

在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验对CgSO1、CgSB2、CgO5和SPOP2这4株土生空团菌[Cenococcumgeophilum Fr.(Cg)]的培养基配方分别进行了优化.结果发现,来源不同的Cg菌株对培养基组分需求存在一定差异,碳氮源、微量元素、无机盐以及维生素都不相同,CgSO1、CgSB2、CgO5对葡萄糖和麦芽汁的混合C源以及牛肉浸膏利用最好,SPOP2对麦芽汁以及酒石酸铵的利用最好,适量的微量元素、无机盐以及维生素B1会促进Cg的生长.经平板培养基优化后的培养基配方可应用到液体培养中,这4株Cg菌经液体培养后菌丝产量分别达到了13.2、12.4、18.9和15.1g/L,均可满足液体发酵的生产要求.     

铁还原菌介导的氧化铁还原与硝酸盐还原的竞争效应研究

中性厌氧条件下,脱色希瓦氏菌Shewanella decolorationis(S12)能够使用多种电子受体进行厌氧呼吸,包括溶解态的硝酸盐以及难溶态的氧化铁基质。因此,本文通过构建"脱色希瓦氏菌/铁氧化物/硝态氮"的交互反应体系,研究这一体系中铁还原与硝态氮还原的相互作用过程,并对相互作用机制进行初步探讨。结果表明,交互反应体系中氧化铁还原与硝酸盐还原存在明显的竞争关系;随着氧化铁比表面积、可利用态铁含量的增大,硝酸受抑制作用逐渐增强;通过不同温度煅烧而得到的不同结晶度的赤铁矿对硝态氮的抑制作用也被研究。结果还表明,氧化铁结晶度越高,S12对硝态氮的还原抑制作用越小。循环伏安电化学测试结果发现,加入硝酸条件下,铁氧化峰几乎完全消失,表明硝态氮存在条件下,铁还原受到明显抑制。针对以上结果,初步探讨了铁还原与硝态氮还原竞争的原因,即:(1)Fe(Ⅲ)与NO3–同时作为电子受体,因竞争电子而受到抑制;(2)吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)物种还原NO3–,导致Fe(Ⅱ)累积减少,NO3–还原因产生的Fe(Ⅱ)的低速率而被抑制。     

One-pot preparation of graphene oxide magnetic nanocomposites for the removal of tetrabromobisphenol A

A simple solvothermal method was used to prepare monodisperse magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles attached onto graphene oxide (GO) sheets as adsorbents to remove tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) from an aqueous solution. These Fe₃O₄/GO (MGO) nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The adsorption capacity at different initial pH, contact duration, and temperature were evaluated. The kinetics of adsorption was found to fit the pseudo-second-order model perfectly. The adsorption isotherm well fitted the Langmuir model, and the theoretical maximum of adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model was 27.26 mg?g^-1. The adsorption thermodynamics of TBBPA on the MGO nanocomposites was determined at 303 K, 313 K, and 323 K, respectively. The results indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The MGO nanocomposites were conveniently separated from the media by an external magnetic field within several seconds, and then regenerated in 0.2 M NaOH solution. Thus, the MGO nanocomposites are a promising candidate for TBBPA removal from wastewater.     

产纤维素酶菌株的选育分析及发酵工艺优化

对实验室6株产纤维素酶菌株进行酶活特性研究.首先通过观察纤维素平板的酶溶解透明圈大小进行初步分析,比较6株菌种子发酵液中纤维素酶含量.再根据不同种纤维素酶作用的底物化学键的不同,分别测定菌株的滤纸酶活(FPA)、纤维素内切葡聚糖酶(CMCase)活、纤维素外切葡聚糖酶(CBH)活和β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活,发现菌株中黑曲霉的各产酶指标均高于其它菌株.根据Box-Behnken原理对黑曲霉发酵工艺进行优化设计,得到最适碳源稻草粉含量9.47 g.L-1、麸皮含量49.33 g.L-1,氮源中(NH4)2SO4含量为2.0 g.L-1,发酵后黑曲霉产生的滤纸酶活力达到76.72 U.mL-1,比优化前酶活力提高88.69%.