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631.
R. Barna Z. Rethy A. Imyim Y. Perrodin P. Moszkowicz L. Tiruta-Barna 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2000,20(8):342
The reuse of waste materials requires the development of assessment methods for the long-term release of pollutants (source term) from wastes (or materials containing wastes) in contact with water. These methods depend on the scenario conditions: characteristics of the materials (especially physical structure and composition), contact with water. The scenario studied here is a water storage reservoir for fire fighting. The reservoir construction is made of a mixture of hydraulic binders and air pollution control (APC) residues from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI). The modelling of the source term is performed in 5 steps ranging from the physico-chemical characterisation of the material to the validation of the proposed model by means of field simulation devices. This article presents the first steps of the methodology: physico-chemical characterisation of the source term, identification of the main transfer mechanisms and laboratory scale modelling of the source term. During the physico-chemical characterisation, it has been shown that the solidified waste shows a high basic capacity and that a relative decrease in pH during leaching favours retention of the main pollutants. During the first leaching sequences, the dynamic leaching tests show that the release of pollutants such as cadmium, arsenic, zinc and lead is extremely low but that the release of alkaline species (sodium and potassium) and chloride is very high from the beginning, whereas the release of calcium remains very high even after 3600 h of leaching. Identification of the main transfer mechanisms concludes that the release of soluble pollutants is the combined result of diffusional transfer of pollutants in the solution and the physico-chemical specificity of the species. The modelling based on these features enables a good simulation of the release but reveals a deviation from the experimental results after 500 h for alkaline species and 1000 h for Ca and Cl leaching. However, this deviation only appears after release of the major part of these elements. 相似文献
632.
Effect of electrokinetic transport on the vulnerability of PAH-degrading bacteria in a model aquifer
There has been increasing interest in employing electro-bioremediation, a hybrid technology of bioremediation and electrokinetics,
to overcome the low bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOC) by homogenizing sorption-retarded HOC and immobilised
microorganisms. Present electro-remediation approaches mainly aim at macroscale pollutant extraction and tend to neglect possible
impacts of direct current (DC) on the physiology of microorganisms. The effect of weak electric fields (X = 1 V cm−1) on the fitness of electrokinetically dispersed fluorene-degrading Sphingomonas sp. LB126 in bench-scale model aquifers was investigated by flow cytometry using propidium iodide (PI) as an indicator that
distinguishes between PI-permeable (cells with porous membranes, i.e. dead or vulnerable) and PI-impermeable bacteria. After
15.5 h of DC treatment 56% of all cells recovered were dispersed at the centimetre scale relative to 29% in the absence of
DC. There was no overall negative effect of the 15.5-h DC treatment on cell vulnerability, as 7.0% of the DC-treated bacteria
exhibited PI-staining compared to 6.5% of the control population. Minor differences were observed in the subpopulation that
had been mobilised by electroosmosis with an approximately twofold increase in the percentage of PI-stained cells relative
to the control. Enhanced PI staining did not correlate with reduced culturability of the cells on rich-medium agar plates.
Relative to the control, DC-treated cells mobilised by electroosmosis were threefold more culturable, confirming earlier data
that that PI-cell membrane permeability does not always indicate reduced viability of oligotrophic environmental bacteria.
Our findings suggest that electrokinetics is a valuable mechanism to transport viable and culturable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
(PAH)-degrading bacteria in soil or sediments. 相似文献
633.
A general model for the phase-averaged velocity field in wind-induced countercurrent flow is proposed. The influence of waves
on the time-averaged velocity is accounted for by introducing a skewness factor in a parabolic eddy viscosity model. The skewness
factor represents the net effect of the wavy surface in the engineering model for velocity. The coherent velocity components
are described separately by an orbital velocity obtained from linear wave theory and are added to the time-averaged components
to give a complete model for the phase-averaged velocity field. The proposed model collapses to the standard model for deep-water
conditions, but is also shown to yield the correct behavior for intermediate conditions. Moreover, the bed shear stress, derived
from the proposed velocity model, is also shown to be in agreement with experiments. 相似文献
634.
Axel Strauß Katrin Y. Solmsdorff Roger Pech Jens Jacob 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(10):1551-1558
Predators can strongly influence the microhabitat use and foraging behaviour of prey. In a large-scale replicated field experiment
in East Gippsland, Australia, we tested the effects of reduced alien red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and alien wild dog (Canis lupus familiaris) abundance (treatment) on native bush rat (Rattus fuscipes) behaviour. Bush rats are exposed to two main guilds of predators, namely mammalian carnivores and birds of prey. Tracking
rat movements using the spool-and-line technique revealed that, in treatment sites, rats used ground cover, which provides
shelter from predators, less often than at unmanipulated fox and wild dog abundance (non-treatment sites). In treatment sites,
rats more frequently moved on logs where they would have been exposed to hunting foxes and dogs than in non-treatment sites.
Furthermore, in treatments, rats showed a preference for understorey but not in non-treatments. Hence, bush rats adapted their
behaviour to removal of alien terrestrial predators. Giving-up densities (GUDs) indicated no treatment effects on the marginal
feeding rate of bush rats. Interestingly, GUDs were higher in open patches than in sheltered patches, suggesting higher perceived
predation risk of bush rats during foraging at low versus high cover. The lack of treatment effects on GUDs but the clear
response of bush rats to cover may be explained by the impact of predators other than foxes and wild dogs. 相似文献
635.
636.
新化矿区煤矸石中微量元素赋存形态及浸出特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用BCR连续提取法和浸泡实验,对贵州省新化煤矿区不同风化程度的煤矸石中微量元素As、Cd、V、Zn、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb的赋存形态及浸出浓度进行研究。赋存形态研究结果表明:在煤矸石中As和Cd元素主要以酸溶态、可还原态和可氧化态形式赋存,而其他微量元素V、Zn、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb主要以残渣态形式赋存;除了V元素的赋存形态含量百分比不受煤矸石风化程度影响外,其它微量元素的赋存形态的含量百分比均会受到煤矸石风化程度的影响。煤矸石的浸出实验表明:浸泡时间是影响煤矸石中微量元素释放的一个重要因素;在浸泡过程中,大部分微量元素在浸泡前期的浸出浓度受煤矸石风化程度的影响,Zn和Cu元素则是在整个浸泡过程的浸出浓度均受到煤矸石风化程度的影响;不同粒径大小的煤矸石在浸泡过程中,除微量元素As和Co的浸出浓度不受煤矸石粒径大小的影响,其他微量元素在浸泡前期和中期的浸出浓度均与煤矸石的粒径大小呈反比。 相似文献
637.
IntroductionOzoneisanairpollutantformedthroughaseriesofphotochemicalreactionintroposphereandisoneofthemostimportantphytotoxicairpollutants.Ingeneral,directemissionofozonefromanthropogenicsourcesisnegligibleinthefreetroposphere .Accordingtothestudyonfor… 相似文献
638.
水溶性有机物电子转移能力与荧光峰强度的关系研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
以不同来源的水溶性有机物(DOM)为供试材料,采用电化学方法和荧光光谱法研究了DOM电子转移能力及其与荧光峰强度的关系.采用库仑安培法测定DOM电子转移能力,其中测得的电子接受能力为635.6~1 049.3μmol.(g.C)-1,电子供给能力为27.3~42.3μmol.(g.C)-1.利用循环伏安法研究DOM电化学活性,发现其氧化还原电位在-731~-996 mV(vs.Ag/AgCl)之间.经过电位跃阶法三次氧化还原循环后电子转移能力仍可维持在232.1~897.2μmol.(g.C)-1之间,电子循环率为36.7%~78.2%,说明DOM具有重复利用、反复转移电子的特性.采用荧光激发发射光谱法(EEMS)测定DOM的类富里酸荧光峰强度并比较其与DOM电子转移能力的关系,发现DOM的类富里酸荧光峰强度与DOM的电子循环率具有显著相关(r2=0.92).实验结果为理解DOM在元素循环、污染物降解以及生物地球化学循环中的作用提供科学依据. 相似文献
639.
J. Sun Y. P. Li X. W. Zhuang S.W. Jin G. H. Huang R. F. Feng 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2018,23(4):553-578
In this study, an integrated simulation-based allocation modeling system (ISAMS) is developed for identifying water resources management strategies in response to climate change. The ISAMS incorporates global climate models (GCMs), a semi-distributed land use-based runoff process (SLURP) model, and a multistage interval-stochastic programming (MISP) approach within a general framework. The ISAMS can not only handle uncertainties expressed as probability distributions and interval values but also reveal climate change impacts on water resources allocation under different projections of GCMs. The ISAMS is then applied to the Kaidu-kongque watershed with cold arid characteristics in the Tarim River Basin (the largest inland watershed basin in China) for demonstrating its efficiency. Results reveal that different climate change models corresponding to various projections (e.g., precipitation and temperature) would lead to changed water resources allocation patterns. Variations in water availability and demand due to uncertainties could result in different water allocation targets and shortages. A variety of decision alternatives about water allocations adaptive to climate change are generated under combinations of different global climate models and ecological water release plans. These findings indicate that understanding the uncertainties in water resources system, building adaptive methods for generating sustainable water allocation patterns, and taking actions for mitigating water shortage problems are key adaptation strategies responding to climate change. 相似文献
640.
Yitao Pan Xiaoyang Wang Leo W.Y. Yeung Nan Sheng Qianqian Cui Ruina Cui Hongxia Zhang Jiayin Dai 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(11):14-23
Phthalates are a large family of ubiquitous environmental pollutants suspected of being endocrine disruptors. Epidemiological studies have associated phthalate metabolites with decreased reproductive parameters and linked phthalate exposure with the level of urinary 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine(5mdC, a product of methylated DNA). In this study, adult male mice were exposed to 450 mg di-isobutyl phthalate(DiBP)/(kg·day) via dietary exposure for 28 days. Mono-isobutyl phthalate(Mi BP, the urinary metabolite) and reproductive function parameters were determined. The levels of 5mdC and 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxycytidine(5hmdC) were measured in urine to evaluate if their contents were also altered by DiBP exposure in this animal model. Results showed that DiBP exposure led to a significant increase in the urinary 5mdC level and significant decreases in sperm concentration and motility in the epididymis, accompanied with reduced testosterone levels and downregulation of the P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme(P450scc) gene in the mice testes. Our findings indicated that exposure to DiBP increased the urinary 5mdC levels,which supported our recent epidemiological study about the associations of urinary 5mdC with phthalate exposure in the male human population. In addition, DiBP exposure impaired male reproductive function, possibly by disturbing testosterone levels; P450scc might be a major steroidogenic enzyme targeted by DiBP or other phthalates. 相似文献