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961.
Miriam Hampel Esteban Alonso Irene Aparicio James E. Bron Juan Luis Santos John B. Taggart Michael J. Leaver 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(4):917-933
Background, aim, and scope
Pharmaceuticals are emerging pollutants widely used in everyday urban activities which can be detected in surface, ground, and drinking waters. Their presence is derived from consumption of medicines, disposal of expired medications, release of treated and untreated urban effluents, and from the pharmaceutical industry. Their growing use has become an alarming environmental problem which potentially will become dangerous in the future. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about long-term effects in non-target organisms as well as for human health. Toxicity testing has indicated a relatively low acute toxicity to fish species, but no information is available on possible sublethal effects. This study provides data on the physiological pathways involved in the exposure of Atlantic salmon as representative test species to three pharmaceutical compounds found in ground, surface, and drinking waters based on the evaluation of the xenobiotic-induced impairment resulting in the activation and silencing of specific genes. 相似文献962.
Dan-Hua Zhao Hong-Wen Gao 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(1):97-105
Background, aim, and scope
Over the years, organic pollution in the environment has aroused people’s concern worldwide, especially persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Particularly in developing countries, plenty of concentrated organic wastewaters treated noneffectively are discharged into aquatic environments from chemical, textile, paper-making, and other industries to seriously threaten the surface and drinking water. The conventional wastewater treatment techniques are often helpless due to high cost with multilevel processing. Adsorption as an efficient method is often applied to the treatment of wastewater. The aim of this work is to develop an eco-friendly and cost-effective wastewater-sorbing material with weak acidic pink red B (APRB) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) by reusing highly concentrated dye wastewater. 相似文献963.
964.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) called for a ban on mulesing in the Australian sheep industry in 2004.
Mulesing is a surgical procedure that removes wool-bearing skin from the tail and breech area of sheep in order to prevent
flystrike (cutaneous myiasis). Flystrike occurs when flies lay their eggs in soiled areas of wool on the sheep and can be
fatal for the sheep host. PETA claimed that mulesing subjects sheep to unnecessary pain and suffering and took action against
the Australian wool industry that resulted in a number of international clothing retailers choosing not to use Australian
wool. Although the Australian sheep industry agreed to phase out mulesing in 2010, there is some uncertainty as to whether
this deadline will be achieved. The changing social ethic towards animal welfare suggests that the way the Australian sheep
industry manages the phase out of mulesing in 2010 is vital to its future survival and success. It is likely that if mulesing
does not cease in 2010 there will be a negative market reaction to Australian wool and the risk of legislation to ban mulesing.
To avoid losing control of its animal welfare strategy, the Australian sheep industry should ensure that mulesing is phased
out in 2010 and endorse the animal welfare ethic underpinning this change. The industry should also educate farmers and other
industry stakeholders in how the changing social ethic for animal welfare can create new market opportunities for wool. 相似文献
965.
966.
Pedro Salvador Begoña Artíñano Casimiro Pio Joana Afonso Michel Legrand Hans Puxbaum Samuel Hammer 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(19):2316-2329
This study has investigated the influence of synoptic weather patterns and long-range transport episodes on the concentrations of several compounds related to different aerosol sources (EC, OC, SO42?, Ca2+, Na+, K+, 210Pb, levoglucosan and dicarboxylic acids) registered in PM10 or PM2.5 aerosol samples collected at three remote background sites in central Europe. Air mass back-trajectories arriving at these sites have been analysed by statistical methods. Firstly, air mass back-trajectories have been grouped into clusters. Each cluster corresponds to specific meteorological scenarios, which were extracted and discussed. Finally, redistributed concentration fields have been computed to identify the main potential source regions of the different key aerosol components. A marked seasonal pattern is observed in the occurrence of the different clusters, with fast westerly and northerly Atlantic flows during winter and weak circulation flows in summer. Spring and fall were characterised by advection of moderate flows from northeastern and eastern Europe. Significant inter-cluster differences were observed for concentrations of receptor aerosol components, with the highest concentrations of EC, OC, SO42?, K+ and 210Pb associated with local and mesoscale aerosol sources located over central Europe related to enhanced photochemical processes. Emissions produced by fossil fuel and biomass burning processes from the Baltic countries, Byelorussia, western regions of Russia and Kazakhstan in spring and fall also contribute to elevated levels of EC, OC, SO42?, K+ and 210Pb. In the summer period long-range transport episodes of mineral dust from North-African deserts were also frequently detected, which caused elevated concentrations of coarse Ca2+ at sites. The baseline aerosol concentrations in central Europe at the high altitude background sites were registered in winter, with the exception of coarse Na+. While the relatively high concentrations of Na+ can be explained by sea salt advected from the Atlantic, the low levels of other aerosol components are caused by efficient aerosol scavenging associated to advections of Atlantic air masses, as well as lower emissions of these species over the Atlantic compared to those over the European continent and very limited vertical air mass exchange over the continent. 相似文献
967.
Molly Brodin Detlev Helmig Samuel Oltmans 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(39):5305-5315
Ambient surface ozone was monitored for one year at a series of seven sites along an elevation gradient from 1600 m to 3500 m above sea level (ASL) in Boulder County, Colorado. Spatial variability of ozone, quantified as the root mean squared deviation of hourly ozone per kilometer horizontal separation, decreased with elevation and distance from local sources, validating the assumption that (except at the City of Boulder (BO) site) the results of the study are representative of the Colorado Front Range. The northern hemisphere (NH) tropospheric spring ozone peak was clearly apparent in late April and early May and affected ozone at all elevations. Ozone consistently increased with elevation during winter, with a mean monthly rate of 1.5 ppbv per 100 m elevation. In summer, this monotonic increase in ozone with elevation was not observed; instead mean monthly ozone increased in two steps, by ~15 ppbv between 1610 m and 1940 m ASL and by ~10 ppbv between 3350 m and 3530 m ASL to a maximum of 60 ppbv. The amplitude of the diurnal ozone cycle decreased with increasing elevation. Average summertime diurnal swings in ozone concentration had a magnitude of 29 ppbv at 1610 m ASL, and 7–16 ppbv at the mid-elevation sites. In winter a diurnal cycle was observed only at the BO site, ozone concentrations at the remaining six locations changed on a multi-day timescale, indicating regional background behavior as the primary factor for wintertime ozone. Even the highest elevation site was influenced by transported urban air pollution in summer, indicated by the average 5 ppbv diurnal increase in ozone. Ozone exposure at the mid- to high-elevation sites in many instances approached and exceeded the 8-h National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 75 ppbv. The elevated ozone levels along this transect were interpreted to be caused by the confounding effects of the high elevation of these sites, increased ozone in long-range transported air, and anthropogenic ozone production in air transported from the nearby urban and suburban areas east of the Colorado Front Range Mountains. 相似文献
968.
Renewable energy is considered an indispensable basis of sustainable energy systems as electricity generation from renewable
sources results in low emissions of greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuel based electricity and contributes to sustainable
development. However, effective strategies and conducive institutional settings are needed for advancement of such clean electricity
systems. Although Thailand, as a nation, has a huge potential for renewable energy utilization, its total amount of electricity
generation from renewables is relatively small and could be enlarged substantially. Lack of policy mechanisms, institutional
development and financing exist as major barriers for Thailand in this regard. Investigation of the nation’s current energy
strategy implementation shows that relevant energy and development policies are at different stages of implementation and
institutional settings are continuously evolving. This paper argues that further significant efforts could be made towards
advancement of renewable electricity and thus achievement of energy sustainability in Thailand. Resource planning, effective
policy and institutions, focussed planning for energy sustainability and implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol could facilitate further advancement of renewables for the nation. 相似文献
969.
Vo Thi Thanh Loc Simon R. Bush Le Xuan Sinh Nguyen Tri Khiem 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(6):889-908
This paper investigates the structure, function and wealth distribution within the Pangasius hypophthalmus and Henicorhynchus spp./Labiobarbus spp. value chains in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The analysis is driven by key questions relating to the form and function
of value chains, their contribution to the livelihoods of farmers and fishers, the effectiveness of government policy and
the potential for value chain governance mechanisms, such as contracts and certification, to steer towards sustainable production.
The results indicate that actors in the high value Pangasius hypopthalmus export chain have a higher potential income, but face considerably higher economic vulnerability from global markets. Alternatively,
Henichorhychus/Labiobarbus spp. fishers are severely constrained in their ability to negotiate higher prices for their fish but appear to be less vulnerable
to economic and environmental change. The paper concludes that for value chain governance to improve the livelihoods of fishers
and farmers in both high and low value chains, new arrangements are needed that better accommodate customary institutions
and informal market relations. 相似文献
970.
Developed countries are major markets for developing country fresh produce. Demand by developed country consumers for spotless
produce has encouraged developing country consumers to rely increasingly on pesticides in producing fresh export vegetables.
However developed country pesticide standards enacted in response to reports of increased farmer and farm worker pesticide
poisoning and the food safety scandals of the 1980s and 1990s require changes in the way growers use pesticides. The EU has
especially developed stringent food safety standards relating to, among other things, pesticide usage. Under EU pesticide
standards (EU-PS) farmers are trained by their buyers on safe use of pesticides and then closely monitored under contract.
This paper looks at the impact of these standards on developing country farmers’ use of alternative pest management practices,
pesticide protective clothing and the actual usage of pesticides. It finds that compliance with EU-PS increases the use of
alternative pest management practices and protective clothing. However, EU-PS has mixed effect on the quantity of pesticides
used. The paper also finds that farmer’s education and access to information play an important role in the use of alternative
pest management practices. The paper concludes that EU-PS encourage the use of alternative pest management practices and pesticide
protective gear in production of fresh export vegetables. The findings imply that EU-PS promote environmentally-friendly methods
of production of fresh export vegetables in developing countries. 相似文献