环境补偿制度——解决环境问题的经济手段之一

为了保护环境，使环境资源可持续利用，应该建立环境补偿制度。环境补偿制度是解决环境问题的有效手段之一。从环境补偿的概念出发，对环境补偿制度的理论基础进行了探讨，为我国建立环境补偿制度提供依据。     

油田人工岛开发建设风险控制措施分析

针对油田人工岛开发的特点,通过对人工岛开发建设过程的风险分析与对策研究,制定出有效的预防措施,以保证人工岛开发建设的顺利进行.     

Complementarity between mitigation and adaptation: the water sector

The water cycle, a fundamental component of climate, is likely to be altered in important ways by climate change. Climate change will most likely worsen the already existing water related problems. Then the question is how should policy makers respond to this dilemma. Climate change mitigation, through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction and sequestration is not a sufficient response. Adaptation will also need to feature as a response strategy. Mitigation and adaptation need to be viewed as complementary responses to climate change. Complementarity between adaptation and mitigation in the water sector will be addressed in this paper. The paper will also outline the main impacts of climate change on water resources and identify those areas that are most dependent and vulnerable to hydrological systems (e.g., hydroelectric systems, irrigation, agriculture) and any changes thereof resulting from climate change. It will aim to assess the impact of water demand and water use, with a view to identifying the main relationships between mitigation and adaptation in the water sector and the means through which individual mitigation and adaptation actions can potentially interact with each other for the benefit of the water sector as a whole. It will also explore the implications of climate change on the management of water resources. Adaptation and mitigation options would be considered in the context of their socio-economic and environmental impacts and their contribution to sustainable development. A brief evaluation of how this information can be directly used for planning purpose will also be presented.

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Effects of carbon nanotube and biochar on bioavailability of Pb,Cu and Sb in multi-metal contaminated soil

This study examined the effects of carbon nanotube and biochar on the bioavailability of Pb, Cu and Sb in the shooting range soils for developing low-cost remediation technology. Commercially available multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and biochar pyrolyzed from soybean stover at 300 °C (BC) at 0.5, 1 and 2.5% (w w^?1) were used to remediate the contaminated soil in an incubation experiment. Both DTPA (bioavailable) and TCLP (leaching) extraction procedures were used to compare the metal/loid availability and leaching by the amendments in soil. The addition of BC was more effective in immobilizing mobile Pb and Cu in the soil than that in MWCNT. The BC reduced the concentrations of Pb and Cu in the soil by 17.6 and 16.2%, respectively. However, both MWCNTs and BC increased Sb bioavailability by 1.4-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively, in DTPA extraction, compared to the control. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test showed that the leachability of Pb in the soil amended with 2.5% MWCNT was 1.3-fold higher than that the unamended soil, whereas the BC at 2.5% decreased the TCLP-extractable Pb by 19.2%. Precipitation and adsorption via electrostatic and π–π electron donor–acceptor interactions were postulated to be involved in the interactions of Pb and Cu with surfaces of the BC in the amended soils, whereas ion exchange mechanisms might be involved in the immobilization of Cu in the MWCNT-amended soils. The application of BC derived from soybean stover can be a low-cost technology for simultaneously immobilizing bioavailable Pb and Cu in the shooting range soils; however, neither of amendments was effective in Sb immobilization.     

Heavy Metal Contents and Magnetic Properties of Playground Dust in Hong Kong

This study examined the levels of seven heavy metals (namelyzinc, copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese and iron) andtheir associations with magnetic properties in playground dustof Hong Kong. Results showed that the playground dust containedhigh concentrations of Zn (mean = 1883 g g^-1), Cu(mean = 143 g g^-1) and Cr (mean = 263 g g^-1).Qualitative examination of dust samples under microscope indicated local traffic as one of the important pollutant sources. Magnetic measurements indicated that these anthropogenicpollutants mainly consisted of coarse-grained multidomain (MD) ferrimagnetic minerals. Superparamagnetic (SP), stable single domain (SSD) ferrimagnetic grains and non-ferrimagnetic mineralswere present in relatively small amounts. Significant correlations between heavy metals and various magnetic parametersindicated a strong affinity of heavy metals to magnetic minerals hence pointed out the potential of magnetic properties for simpleand rapid proxy indications of heavy metal pollution in playground dust.     

北疆250年地表水资源变化特征及未来趋势预测

本文从北疆年轮场重建了北疆２５０年的地表水资源，探讨气候－地表水资源－年轮之间的关系，分析地表水资源的长期变化特征，预测其变化趋势，为北疆地表水资源的研究与利用提供了新的参考依据。     

铬对水栖寡毛类赫德莱顠体虫（Aeolosomaheadleyi）的毒性试验

赫德莱顠体虫（Ａｅｏｌｏｓｏｍａｈｅａｄｌｅｙｉ）为一种小型木栖寡毛类，行无性繁殖，室内培养容易。铬对其急性毒性试验结果为：２４ｈＬＣ＿（５０）为３．５５（３．１６─３．９０）ｍｇ／Ｌ，４８ｈＬＣ＿（５０）为１．８８（１．７７─２．０１）ｍｇ／Ｌ。低浓度慢性试验结果为：无效应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）为１０１μｇ／Ｌ最大可接受浓度（ＭＡＥＣ）为１０１─１０２μｇ／Ｌ慢性暴露１０ｄ后种群可恢复的最高浓度为２１０ｕｇ／Ｌ．对此种寡毛类作为毒性试验生物的可能性作了简短的讨论。     

用大型底栖动物对珠江广州河段进行污染评价

本文利用大型底栖无脊椎动物对珠江广州河段的污染进行生物学评价。 两次调查中发现该河段底栖动物群落主要由水栖寡毛类、多毛类和软体动物中的河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)等三大类群组成。在多毛类少于40%情况下,寡毛类与河蚬的数量百分数呈显著的负相关。相关系数γ=-0.9639。 Shannon-Weaver种类多样性指数不能反映本河段底栖动物群落特征与污染的关系。根据本河段底栖动物群落结构的实际情况,提出下列生物污染指数公式。 生物污染指数=log(N_1 2)/[log(N_2 2) log(N_3 2)](N_1、N_2、N_3分别为寡毛类、多毛类和河蚬的数量)对本河段的污染现状予以评价。文中还就公式存在的问题作了简要讨论。     

Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Tests on Wastewater Treatment Plants with Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum

Whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests, with Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum, were introduced to evaluate the biological toxicities of effluents from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Korea. In WET tests of WWTPs effluents, 33.3% (33/99) for D. magna and 92.6% (75/81) for S. capricornutum revealed greater than 1 toxic unit (TU), even though all the treatment plants investigated were operating in compliance with the regulations, as assessed using conventional monitoring methods (i.e., BOD and total concentration of N or P, etc). There were only minor differences in toxicities according to the types of influents (municipal and agro-industrial) in all treatment plants. However, the effluents treated by an activated sludge treatment process were found to exhibit significantly lower toxicity than those treated by rotating biological contactor (RBC) and extended aeration processes. The seasonal variations in the toxicity were lower in the summer compared to winter, which may have been due to the rainfall received to the sewage intake system during the former period. The impact of WET on river water was also investigated based on the discharge volume. At sites A and B, the total impact of toxicity to stream and river waters was observed to be 70.9% and 90.4% for D. magna and S. capricornutum, respectively. The other four small treatment plants (sites F, G, H and I), with relative discharging volumes between 0.001 and 0.002, contribute less than 1% to the total toxicity.     

Determination of the swimming trajectory and speed of chain-forming dinoflagellate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cochlodinium polykrikoides</Emphasis> with digital holographic particle tracking velocimetry

The marine dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides is a harmful and highly motile algal species. To distinguish between the motility characteristics of solitary and chain-forming cells, the swimming trajectories and speeds of solitary cells and 2- to 8-cell chains of C. polykrikoides were measured using a digital holographic particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) technique. C. polykrikoides cells exhibited helical swimming trajectories similar to other dinoflagellate species. The swimming speed increased as the number of cells in the chain increased, from an average of 391 μm s⁻¹ (solitary cells) to 856 μm s⁻¹ (8-cell chain). The helix radius R and pitch P also increased as the number of cells in the chain increased. R increased from 9.24 μm (solitary cell) to 20.3 μm (8-cell chain) and P increased from 107 μm (solitary cell) to 164 μm (8-cell chain). The free thrust-generating motion of the transverse flagella and large drag reduction in the chain-forming cells seemed to increase the swimming speed compared to solitary cells. The measured swimming speeds agreed with those from field observations. The superior motility of chain-forming C. polykrikoides cells may be an important factor for its bloom, in addition to the factors reported previously.