糠醛渣纤维素酶解研究

以糠醛渣为原料进行纤维素酶解研究,考察了预处理方式、酶用量、底物浓度和酶解时间对糠醛渣酶解的影响,并将其与稀酸预处理的玉米芯进行对比.结果表明,未经处理的糠醛渣由于酸性较强并含有糠醛等抑制性的物质,不能直接用于酶解,水洗和Ca(OH)₂脱毒法都可以显著提高糠醛渣的酶解效果;水洗糠醛渣的酶解最佳条件为：1∶9（g∶mL）的底物浓度、20 FPU/g（酶活/底物）,酶解时间为48 h,在此条件下,还原糖浓度为35 g/L,糠醛渣的转化率为30%,糠醛渣中纤维素的转化率为61%.     

Modelling tritrophic interactions mediated by induced defence volatiles

Many plant species defend themselves against herbivorous insects indirectly by producing and releasing induced volatiles to attract natural enemies of the herbivores. In this paper, we consider the recruitment of natural enemies attracted by plant-induced volatiles and introduce the An–Liu–Johnson–Lovett model into the Lotka–Volterra model in an attempt to add this missing vital link in tritrophic interaction. Increase in attraction strength of plant-induced volatiles to the natural enemy leads to high fluctuation amplitude of plant biomass and herbivore population. When the attack strength of natural enemies reaches a certain level, fluctuation amplitude of plant biomass and herbivore population will decrease and plant biomass will approach to its environmental carrying capacity. The simulation demonstrates that plant volatile compounds induced by insects have led to the introduction of a third tritrophic level, e.g., natural enemies, into the plant–herbivore system, resulting in the coexistence of plants, insects, and natural enemies during the evolution process.     

Occurrence of arsenic in brown rice and its relationship to soil properties from Hainan Island, China

The acquaintance of arsenic concentrations in rice grain is vital in risk assessment. In this study, we determined the concentration of arsenic in 282 brown rice grains sampled from Hainan Island, China, and discussed its possible relationships to the considered soil properties. Arsenic concentrations in the rice grain from Hainan Island varied from 5 to 309 μg/kg, with a mean (92 μg/kg) lower than most published data from other countries/regions and the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for As_i in rice. The result of correlation analysis between grain and soil properties showed that grain As concentrations correlated significantly to soil arsenic speciation, organic matter and soil P contents and could be best predicted by humic acid bound and Fe-Mn oxides bound As fractions. Grain arsenic rises steeply at soil As concentrations lower than 3.6 mg/kg and gently at higher concentrations.     

Analysis of organic nitrogen removal in municipal wastewater by reverse osmosis

The results of a pilot study that was conducted to determine the total nitrogen removal by the reverse osmosis process are presented. The organic nitrogen removal rates are compared with removals observed from three full-scale reverse osmosis facilities and four pilot studies. The results of this analysis suggest that organic nitrogen removal is variable and that reverse osmosis may not consistently produce total nitrogen levels less than 1.0 mg/L without additional treatment. Three hypotheses to explain the variability in organic nitrogen removal in the different data sets are presented.     

An Assessment of Source Contributions to Ambient Aerosols in Central Taiwan

Ambient aerosols were sampled at three selected sites in the coastal region of central Taiwan to obtain composition data for use in receptor modeling. All the samples were analyzed for 20 elements with an x-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The mass percentage of sulfates in particle samples was determined by ion chromatography, and mass percentages of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) were determined by an elemental analyzer.

Because the three sampling sites were located within 25 km of each other, the average chemical compositions were similar for particle samples taken at the three sites on the same day. However, the variation in composition from day to day was significantly influenced by wind direction and change in local sources, such as the burning of agricultural wastes. The abundant species in the coarse fraction (2.5&#x0002D;10 µm) were Al (0.5&#x0002D;4.0 µg/m³), Cl (0.1&#x0002D;4.8 µg/m³), Ca (0.2&#x0002D;3.4 µg/m³), Fe (0.2&#x0002D;2.8 µg/ m³), and K (0.1&#x0002D;1.4 µg/m³), while the abundant species in the fine fraction (<2.5 µm) were S (0.3&#x0002D;3.5 µg/m³), Cl (0.01&#x0002D;1.9 µg/ m³), K (0.04&#x0002D;0.98 µg/m³), organic carbon (0.01&#x0002D;10.5 µg/m³), elemental carbon (0&#x0002D;10.7 µg/m³), and sulfates (1.2&#x0002D;15.7 µg/m³).

Calculations for source apportionment were carried out using the CMB7 software developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The main sources for the coarse fraction of ambient aerosols in the region were found to be marine aerosol, coal and fuel oil combustion, burning

of agricultural wastes, and paved road dust. The main sources for the fine fraction were burning of agricultural wastes, diesel exhaust, coal and oil combustion, and sulfates. Source apportionment for the fine fraction was relatively sensitive to the types of sources selected for calculations and the compositions of the sources. The problem can be ameliorated by careful examination of possible sources and by use of local source profiles.     

Improved computational model (AQUIFAS) for activated sludge, integrated fixed-film activated sludge, and moving-bed biofilm reactor systems, part III: analysis and verification

Research was undertaken to analyze and verify a model that can be applied to activated sludge, integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS), and moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) systems. The model embeds a biofilm model into a multicell activated sludge model. The advantage of such a model is that it eliminates the need to run separate computations for a plant being retrofitted from activated sludge to IFAS or MBBR. The biofilm flux rates for organics, nutrients, and biomass can be computed by two methods-a semi-empirical model of the biofilm that is relatively simpler, or a diffusional model of the biofilm that is computationally intensive. Biofilm support media can be incorporated to the anoxic and aerobic cells, but not the anaerobic cells. The model can be run for steady-state and dynamic simulations. The model was able to predict the changes in nitrification and denitrification at both pilot- and full-scale facilities. The semi-empirical and diffusional models of the biofilm were both used to evaluate the biofilm flux rates for media at different locations. The biofilm diffusional model was used to compute the biofilm thickness and growth, substrate concentrations, volatile suspended solids (VSS) concentration, and fraction of nitrifiers in each layer inside the biofilm. Following calibration, both models provided similar effluent results for reactor mixed liquor VSS and mixed liquor suspended solids and for the effluent organics, nitrogen forms, and phosphorus concentrations. While the semi-empirical model was quicker to run, the diffusional model provided additional information on biofilm thickness, quantity of growth in the biofilm, and substrate profiles inside the biofilm.     

MnO2对海底沉积物ANAMMOX菌的富集培养影响

采用上流式固定床反应器,在常温下连续运行,考察MnO2对海洋性ANAMMOX菌富集培养的影响,其中接种的海洋海底沉积物采自大连市附近海域。结果表明,在反应器运行近150d中,加入MnO2的R1反应器的最大总氮去除速率为137．82gN／（m3·d）,比没有加人MnO2的R2反应器高出近20gN／（m3·d）。在低温环境（10～15℃）运行时,R1反应器的氨氮和亚硝氮去除率比R2反应器均高出10％,且Rl反应器对温度变化的适应性和运行稳定性都好于R2反应器。这表明MnO2的加入确实在一定程度上促进了海洋性ANAMMOX细菌的富集,并增强了ANAMMOX反应器对温度变化的适应性,使其能够在较宽的温度范围下运行。     

基于STPA和模糊BN的装配式建筑吊装施工安全风险分析

为有效评估装配式建筑吊装施工中的安全风险状态,识别关键风险因素,运用系统理论过程分析方法(STPA)构建吊装施工过程中的控制反馈结构,识别导致危险的不安全控制行为,确定不安全控制行为的致因因素;基于风险因素间的关联关系构建贝叶斯网络(BN)模型,推理计算装配式建筑吊装施工安全风险状态概率,并结合反向诊断推理分析影响安全事故的风险因素;通过敏感性分析,识别装配式建筑吊装施工安全中的关键风险因素。结果表明：装配式建筑吊装施工安全风险处于低风险状态;起重机械超负荷运行、现场安全管理不到位和吊索吊具存在缺陷等因素是影响装配式建筑吊装施工安全风险的关键风险因素。     

2016年10～11月期间北京市大气颗粒物污染特征与传输规律

本研究采用气溶胶化学组分在线监测仪（ACSM）对北京地区2016年10月15日~11月15日期间非难熔性PM₁（NR-PM₁）化学组分进行实时连续在线观测,探讨了NR-PM₁化学组分的演变特征;运用潜在源贡献分析（PSCF）法和气象-空气质量模式（WRF-CAMx）识别了北京PM_2.5潜在污染源区和传输路径,揭示了PM_2.5净传输通量的垂直分布特征.结果表明,北京秋季NR-PM₁和PM_2.5质量浓度分别为（59.16±57.05）μg·m^-3和（89.82±66.66）μg·m^-3,其中NR-PM₁平均占PM_2.5的（70.31±22.28）%.整个观测期间,有机物（Org）、硝酸盐（NO₃^-）、硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）、铵盐（NH₄⁺）和氯化物（Chl）分别占NR-PM₁总质量浓度的（42.75±11.35）%、（21.27±7.72）%、（19.11±7.08）%、（12.19±2.64）%和（4.68±3.24）%,不同化学组分的日变化特征存在明显差异.对北京秋季NR-PM₁污染影响较大的潜在源区主要集中在河北南部、河南东北部及山东西部,重污染期间保定、北京南部及廊坊等城市对NR-PM₁贡献较大.WRF-CAMx模拟结果表明,PM_2.5总的净传输通量呈现出显著的垂直分布特征.整个观测期间,毗邻城市主要向北京输入PM_2.5,净通量最大出现在海拔600~1000 m;而重污染前期外来源输送PM_2.5主要位于高空,直到污染最严重的11月5日,PM_2.5转为近地面传输,说明高空和近地面传输是影响北京秋季PM_2.5重污染形成的重要因素.同时鉴别出了两种传输路径,即西南-东北方向（保定→北京→承德）和西北-东南方向（张家口→北京→廊坊北→天津）.