新加坡环境风险管控对我国城市规划的启示

新加坡作为世界上人口密度最高的国家之一,有限的土地上承载了多个大型石化企业,不仅拥有世界第三大炼油中心和重要的石化中心,还被誉为"花园城市",这与其在重工业发展过程中重视环境风险管控密不可分。概述了新加坡先进的环境风险管控理念,分析了我国在环境风险管控方面存在的突出问题,即在规划源头缺乏环境管制、不同用地类型环境功能不相容、各地化工园区泛滥且产业布局混乱;指出新加坡从规划源头控制环境风险的先进理念对我国土地利用规划和环境风险管控具有一定的启示作用,并建议我国在规划源头增加明确的环境风险管控要求,根据环境风险实施土地使用类型的梯级过渡,规定强制隔离要求,针对现有城市建设和规划开展环境安全评估,全面推进化学品项目及园区的管理、清理和整顿。     

Synthesis and characterisation of transition metal sulphide-loaded fly ash–based mesoporous EU-12 photocatalysts for degradation of rhodamine B

Transition metal sulphide-loaded fly ash–based EU-12 photocatalysts were synthesized by sono-hydrothermal method followed by ion exchange. The composites were characterized by XRD, FESEM, DSC-TGA, Raman spectroscopy, and BET surface area analysis. The XRD results imply 76.39% crystallinity of EU-12 and morphological studies by FESEM, and TEM revealed the shape and size of EU-12, i.e. rod-shaped with size ranging from 5 to 200 nm. Band gap of all synthesized photocatalysts were found to be?≤?3.44 eV. The photoactivities of the photocatalysts were examined by degrading rhodamine B (RhB). The results indicated that metal sulphide/EU-12 composite had the strong photoactivity under visible light compared to dark environment. Furthermore, the efficiency of photocatalysts was determined in terms of degradation efficiency towards RhB which was found to be maximum of 98.62% for 0.2 M CdS/EU-12 at 2 gL^?1 of catalyst dosage and 10 ppm of dye concentration within 3 h under visible light source of 200 W.

     

基于机器学习利用低成本传感器数据构建城市近地面PM2.5浓度的高分辨率空间分布

PM_2.5是当前影响中国城市空气质量的一种重要污染物,它对人体健康有不利影响,高时空间分辨率的PM_2.5浓度分布是城市大气污染 精细化防控和健康影响评估的重要基础.低成本传感器在中国城市空气质量监测领域得到越来越多的应用,但由于其数据质量不够高,其价值没有得到充分的挖掘.本研究以在长三角地区蚌埠市城区作为研究案例,首先基于国控站监测数据对低成本传感器观测数据进行校准.接着通过6种机器学习模型的预测性能的比较选取随机森林作为本研究的核心方法.然后利用随机森林方法结合土地利用类型、人口密度和通过WRF模式模拟得到的气象数据、监测数据等多源数据,构建了时间分辨率为1 h、空间分辨率为0.005°（接近500 m）的近地面PM_2.5浓度的时空分布.最后对几种方法的结果进行了比较和评估.反演得到的高分辨率PM_2.5浓度的10倍交叉验证结果显示,空间R²=0.95,RMSE=9.32 μg·m^-3,时间R²=0.88,RMSE=9.24 μg·m^-3.结果表明,低成本传感器观测数据可以帮助人们构建具有更高精度的高时空分辨率的PM_2.5浓度 分布,使得低成本传感器数据的时空特征价值得到更好的利用,同时也可为低成本传感器更好地服务于空气质量精细化管理提供一种新的 应用思路.     

昆明市清水海水源保护区生态补偿机制探讨

就昆明市清水海水源区生态补偿机制进行探讨,以期为生态补偿机制的建立提供借鉴。生态补偿理论结合清水海水源区实际分析。补偿主体是国家、受水区的企业和居民,客体是水资源和生态环境的保护者,以及牺牲发展机会的企业和居民;补偿标准以费用分析法计算,包括水资源保护、水源林建设和管理等方面的投入;补偿方式近期以输血型和造血型补偿结合,远期逐步向生态造血型补偿转变;优先补偿效率高的污染防治措施、退耕还林和测土配方,其次为产业结构调整和水资源管理;补偿时限结合补偿取得的成效、水源区生态产业发展和生态质量状况来确定;补偿资金以政府财政为主、市场为辅。结果表明:应结合清水海的实际,确定生态补偿的主客体、方式、标准和时限,建立生态补偿的保障机制,加强对补偿资金的监管。进一步开展定量化研究,完善清水海水源区生态补偿基础研究,促进生态补偿机制的建立。     

基于深度访谈的成都市入境旅游发展分析

一个城市的入境旅游发展状况能反映这座城市作为旅游目的地或集散地的国际知名度及其国际化程度,同时也是这座城市旅游业竞争力的重要衡量指标之一。基于旅游管理部门人员、旅游专业学者和旅游从业人员三类群体的深度访谈资料进行了SWOT分析,并在此基础上提出了成都市入境旅游的发展策略,旨在为其建成国际知名旅游目的地提供建议。     

Fe-Mn/AC催化湿式过氧化氢氧化间甲酚

采用等体积浸渍法制备了一种新型Fe-Mn/AC催化剂,应用于催化湿式过氧化氢氧化(CWPO)间甲酚废水.通过SEM和XRF表征了其表面形态结构和元素组成,通过穆斯堡尔谱分析了催化剂中铁离子的存在形态,结果表明,新型Fe-Mn/AC催化剂中的铁以二价铁、三价铁以及四氧化三铁的形式存在.通过正交实验考察了CWPO降解间甲酚的影响因素,结果表明,各因素对间甲酚转化率影响的大小顺序依次为:底物初始p H值反应温度反应时间催化剂投加量.通过正交实验得到CWPO降解间甲酚的最佳反应条件.当间甲酚浓度为100 mg·L-1、反应温度为40℃、反应时间为40 min、催化剂投加量为0.6 g·L-1及底物初始p H值为3时,间甲酚转化率为99.8%,TOC去除率为28.3%.气相色谱/质谱联用没有检测到中间产物,气相色谱检测到CWPO降解间甲酚中间产物主要为乙酸和丙酸.     

安徽省PM2.5分布特征及区域输送来源分析

该文通过2015-2018年PM2.5国控站点监测资料,分析了安徽省不同区域PM2.5浓度年变化趋势,其中PM2.5浓度下降幅度最大的为皖中,其次为皖南,而皖北PM2.5浓度下降幅度较小,其环境空气质量改善压力较大;根据2015-2018年1月的PM2.5浓度分布情况及污染来源的后向轨迹分析表明,皖北地区的气流轨迹上游通常为污染程度更高的地区,而皖中和皖南地区的气流轨迹来源较为分散;通过WRF-NAQPMS区域模式进行模拟减排试验,安徽省内源对于全省PM2.5浓度的贡献率为29%,而安徽省内源对于皖北区域PM2.5浓度的贡献率为23%,说明安徽省内源对皖北地区贡献率低于全省平均,外源的输送对皖北区域的贡献高于全省其他区域。     

Airborne and soilborne microfungi in the vicinity Hamitabat Thermic Power Plant in Kirklareli City (Turkey), their seasonal distributions and relations with climatological factors

Soil and air samples of seven different localities around Hamitabat Thermic Power Plant, 10 km far away from Luleburgaz/Kirklareli (Turkey), were taken between the years 2003 and 2004 with seasonal intervals. The samples were brought to the laboratory and their microfungal identifications were done. From the air samples, 737 microfungi colonies were isolated comprising 26 species belonging to eight genera. From soil samples, 170.6 × 10⁴ colony-forming unit (CFU)/g was isolated from 33 species belonging to 16 genera. The most isolated genus from air samples was Alternaria (324 CFU, 43.96%), followed by Cladosporium (208 CFU, 25.52%) and Phoma (44 CFU, 5.40%). Penicillium was the most isolated genus from the soil samples with a value of 560,000 CFU/g (32.8%), followed by Fusarium (226,000 CFU/g, 13.12%) and Aspergillus (154,000 CFU/g, 9.03%). Among these species, Alternaria citri and Alternaria alternata are the most abundant species in air with 164 and 107 CFU, respectively, whereas Fusarium graminearum and Penicillium citrinum are the most abundant species in soil with CFU per gram values of 17.8 × 10⁴ and 1.3 × 10⁵. Correlation analysis was applied to determine whether or not there was a relationship between colony number of isolated fungal genera and meteorological factors. Some parameters of soil samples’ incontent during the research period were calculated using a computer analysis program. From the air samples, a positive correlation was found between relative humidity and Alternaria colonial counts and Cladosporium spore counts (r?=?0.912 and r?=?1.000, respectively). Similarly, with the analysis of soil samples, a positive correlation between colonial counts of Alternaria and soil pH and a positive correlation between colonial counts of Aspergillus and Penicillium and salt percentage concentration of soil were found.     

Comparison of drinking water,raw rice and cooking of rice as arsenic exposure routes in three contrasting areas of West Bengal,India

Remediation aimed at reducing human exposure to groundwater arsenic in West Bengal, one of the regions most impacted by this environmental hazard, are currently largely focussed on reducing arsenic in drinking water. Rice and cooking of rice, however, have also been identified as important or potentially important exposure routes. Quantifying the relative importance of these exposure routes is critically required to inform the prioritisation and selection of remediation strategies. The aim of our study, therefore, was to determine the relative contributions of drinking water, rice and cooking of rice to human exposure in three contrasting areas of West Bengal with different overall levels of exposure to arsenic, viz. high (Bhawangola-I Block, Murshidibad District), moderate (Chakdha Block, Nadia District) and low (Khejuri-I Block, Midnapur District). Arsenic exposure from water was highly variable, median exposures being 0.02 μg/kg/d (Midnapur), 0.77 μg/kg/d (Nadia) and 2.03 μg/kg/d (Murshidabad). In contrast arsenic exposure from cooked rice was relatively uniform, with median exposures being 0.30 μg/kg/d (Midnapur), 0.50 μg/kg/d (Nadia) and 0.84 μg/kg/d (Murshidabad). Cooking rice typically resulted in arsenic exposures of lower magnitude, indeed in Midnapur, median exposure from cooking was slightly negative. Water was the dominant route of exposure in Murshidabad, both water and rice were major exposure routes in Nadia, whereas rice was the dominant exposure route in Midnapur. Notwithstanding the differences in balance of exposure routes, median excess lifetime cancer risk for all the blocks were found to exceed the USEPA regulatory threshold target cancer risk level of 10⁻⁴–10⁻⁶. The difference in balance of exposure routes indicate a difference in balance of remediation approaches in the three districts.