上海市联合国环境署APELL计划的制定

在1995年12月联合国环境署工业与环境中心出版的<世界范围的APELL>一书中,中华人民共和国条目下有一段关于上海市APELL计划的论述.本文更全面地介绍1996年底以前上海市APELL的历史;得出了关于所汲取的教训的结论;并详细说明了该计划进一步发展的打算.     

Mercury exposure in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients from Ganga plain region in India: A retrospective study

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive disorder that usually runs a fatal course within 2–5 years of onset, is characterized by loss of motor neurons in the cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord. In this study mercury (Hg) concentrations were determined in blood samples of 40 ALS patients, of whom 24 ALS patients were from the Ganga plain region and their metal levels were found to be significantly higher. In contrast, Hg levels in the 16 ALS patients from non-Ganga plain regions whose levels were similar to those of the control subjects. Mercury in stream water samples and freshly deposited stream sediment were determined in the locations of patients’ native residences along the Ganga plain region and metal levels were found to be higher than the threshold guideline values for Hg in stream waters recommended by WHO. The geo-accumulation index in selected sites of freshly deposited stream sediment ranged from moderate to highly polluted. The high levels of Hg observed in ALS patients may potentially alter the redox status of neuronal cell components and induce cell-death pathways.     

INCREASING WATER SUPPLY BY MIXING OF FRESH AND SALINE GROUND WATERS1

ABSTRACT: The quality of ground water in any aquifer takes its final form due to natural mixture of waters, which may originate from different sources. Water quality varies from one aquifer to another and even within the same aquifer itself. Different ground water quality is obtained from wells and is mixed in a common reservoir prior to any consumption. This artificial mixing enables an increase in available ground water of a desired quality for agricultural or residential purposes. The question remains as to what proportions of water from different wells should be mixed together to achieve a desired water quality for this artificial mixture. Two sets of laboratory experiments were carried out, namely, the addition of saline water to a fixed volume of fresh water. After each addition, the mixture volume and the electric conductivity value of the artificially mixed water were recorded. The experiments were carried out under the same laboratory temperature of 20°C. A standard curve was developed first experimentally and then confirmed theoretically. This curve is useful in determining either the volume or discharge ratio from two wells to achieve a predetermined electrical conductivity value of the artificial mixture. The application of the curve is given for two wells within the Quaternary deposits in the western part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.     

低强度超声对短程硝化污泥活性的影响

为提高短程硝化反硝化脱氮效率,采用低强度超声对短程硝化反应进行强化,通过对比氨氧化率和亚硝酸盐生产量,考察低强度超声对短程硝化污泥活性影响。首先,通过对超声能量的优化试验,发现低强度超声能够提升短程硝化污泥反应速率,且超声能量为43.20 kJ时氨氧化率和亚硝酸盐生成量最大;然后考察超声能量与污泥浓度的关系。结果表明:1)在相同超声能量(43.20 kJ)条件下,随着污泥质量浓度(0.34~1.03 g VSS/L)增加,能量密度降低,反应速率不断提高;2)保持污泥浓度恒定,增加超声能量,发现在43.20 kJ时短程硝化污泥活性最好,氨氧化速率比对照组提高25.42%,继续增加能量后去除速率开始下降,原因是适宜的能量会增加微生物细胞壁和细胞膜的通透性,加快基质传递和反应速率,提高微生物活性,但当所施加能量超出其所能承受范围,则会对微生物内部产生损害,降低其活性;3)考察超声能量对胞外聚合物浓度和酶活性影响,在43.20 kJ条件下,多糖、蛋白质和胞外聚合物(EPS)浓度分别提高了18.32%、26.54%和22.05%,氨单加氧酶活性增加19.82%。研究表明,由于低强度超声作用加快胞外聚合物分泌,增加生物酶活性,进而促进了短程硝化污泥反应速率。     

Correction to: Method development,validation, monitoring,seasonal effect and risk assessment of multiclass multi pesticide residues in surface and ground water of new alluvial zone in eastern India

Environmental Science and Pollution Research -     

水力负荷及固相碳源对BAF+多级土壤渗滤组合工艺处理污水的影响研究

碳源的选择及曝气量的控制是影响多级土壤渗滤系统(multi-soil-laying,即MSL)脱氮效果的重要因素.试验采用BAF+MSL两段式新型组合工艺,避免了传统MSL曝气过量抑制反硝化脱氮的风险.考察了不同水力负荷下,BAF+MSL对生活污水的净化效果,并比较研究了以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)为反硝化碳源的MSL-1及木屑为碳源的MSL-2的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,不同水力负荷下,系统对SS平均去除率为94.08%,对COD的去除率均在80%以上,出水COD在20mg·L-1以下.水力负荷对系统BAF段硝化性能影响较小,对MSL反硝化脱氮影响较大.BAF水力负荷为0.5、1及2m·3m-·2d-1时,BAF对NH4+-N的去除率均在90%以上,对TN的平均去除率依次为26.53%、11.09%、5.71%;对应MSL段水力负荷分别为0.25、0.50及1m·3m-·2d-1时,MSL-1对TN平均去除率分别为87.39%、65.09%、45.56%,MSL-2平均去除率依次为61.51%、42.52%、31.32%.MSL-1脱氮性能明显优于MSL-2,而两者除磷效果区别较小.随着水力负荷增大,MSL对TP去除率依次降低,MSL-1对TP平均去除率最高为91.97%.     

细水雾特性参数对锂离子电池组灭火效果的影响

为了研究不同特性参数细水雾抑制锂电池组火灾的效果,利用计算流体动力学模型和火灾动力学模拟程序对不同特性参数细水雾灭火效果进行了分析.采用锥形量热仪在50 kW/m2辐射热条件下和100％荷电状态下对锂离子电池进行燃烧试验,获取其热释放速率曲线,热释放速率峰值为9.23 kW.在试验获得参数的基础上以6个18650型锂电池建立火灾模型,利用火灾场模拟软件FDS对不同雾滴直径、雾动量和喷雾强度的细水雾的灭火过程进行数值模拟.定量分析熄灭锂离子电池火的细水雾相对适宜的条件范围,研究细水雾的特性参数对锂离子电池组灭火效果的影响.结果表明:在细水雾雾滴动能不变的情况下,随细水雾雾滴粒径增大,灭火时间先波动后增大,在细水雾粒径为50～100μm的工况下系统抑制锂离子电池火效果最佳,灭火时间最短,耗水量最少;水雾动量变化在一定区间内增加对锂电池灭火有增强效果,当雾滴速度足以穿越火焰时,增加水雾动量对灭火效果影响不大;在规定范围内喷雾强度越大,细水雾能够气化的数量越多,吸收的热量也越多,越有利于灭锂离子电池火灾.     

哈尔滨城市林业示范基地春季可燃物含水率动态研究

主要针对2011年冬季黑龙江省哈尔滨市地区降水过少而2012年春季极度干旱对森林可燃物含水率的影响进行研究。对在2011—2013年冬季反常气候影响下的黑龙江哈尔滨城市林业示范基地的樟子松、胡桃楸、白桦、蒙古栎林下可燃物含水率的动态变化进行了定点检测,并通过细致的分析发现随着气象条件的变化,不同森林可燃物含水率呈现出不同的变化趋势：樟子松林下可燃物含水率相比之下一直很高,胡桃楸林下可燃物含水率一直非常稳定,对环境条件的变化反映不太明显,而蒙古栎林下可燃物则处于中间,白桦林下可燃物对气象因子的变化最为敏感,上下波动很大。根据监测获得的数据对不同森林可燃物含水率和气象因子的关系进行了多元线性回归分析,并在符合一定条件的前提下建立了相对应的含水率预测模型,由于数据较少等原因,所得模型准确性有待验证,但是这也为哈尔滨城市林业示范基地森林含水率的预测奠定了基础。     

大容积无缝气瓶瓶口外螺纹修复方法及安全分析

为确定不同瓶口壁厚气瓶的外螺纹修复方式,采用数值和理论方法,通过分析外螺纹修复后气瓶的瓶体应力分布、周向转动和轴向窜动情况,对直接加工和采用热套工艺加装衬环2种瓶口外螺纹修复方式的安全性进行评价。结果表明:针对内螺纹规格为3-1/4″-8UN的气瓶,当采用直接加工方式将外螺纹修复至4-1/2″-8UN时,气瓶最大应力位于气瓶筒体上,此时气瓶可安全使用;当已修复至4-1/2″-8UN的瓶口外螺纹再次出现磨损时,直接加工的修复方式会对气瓶的安全使用造成影响,应采用热套工艺加装衬环方式修复瓶口螺纹。     

基于防突风门直角-分支巷道冲击气流传播特征研究*

为研究防突风门未破坏下直角-分支巷道中瓦斯突出冲击气流传播特征,建立相似几何模型,采用数值模拟方法计算突出腔体压力在7.5×105 Pa情况下流场中冲击气流压力和速度的变化,分析冲击气流传播随时间的变化过程。研究结果表明:在分叉口-风门段,正向冲击压力与风门反射压力相交产生瓦斯超压现象;在突出口-分叉口段,正向冲击压力与风门反射压力相互冲击,有效降低突出口冲击气流的瞬时强度;在分叉口处,正向冲击气流首先产生绕射并形成单向涡旋,风门反射气流产生的绕射与单向涡旋方向相反,涡旋强度降低。