The evolving local social contract for managing climate and disaster risk in Vietnam

How do disasters shape local government legitimacy in relation to managing climate‐ and disaster‐related risks? This paper looks at how local authorities in Central Vietnam perceive their social contract for risk reduction, including the partial merging of responsibilities for disaster risk management with new plans for and investments in climate change adaptation and broader socioeconomic development. The findings indicate that extreme floods and storms constitute critical junctures that stimulate genuine institutional change. Local officials are proud of their strengthened role in disaster response and they are eager to boost investment in infrastructure. They have struggled to reinforce their legitimacy among their constituents, but given the shifting roles of the state, private sector, and civil society, and the undiminished emphasis on high‐risk development models, their responsibilities for responding to emerging climate change scenarios are increasingly nebulous. The past basis for legitimacy is no longer valid, but tomorrow's social contract is not yet defined.     

Dominance based fuzzy decision support framework for g-resilient (ecosilient) supplier selection: an empirical modelling

A novel decision support framework has been proposed herein to solve supplier selection problems by considering green as well as resiliency criteria, simultaneously. An expert team involving a finite number of Decision-Makers (DMs) is to be employed to obtain degree of importance of each of the evaluation criteria and also to assign an appropriate rating for each supplier alternative with respect to the criteria. Since subjective human judgment often bears some sort of ambiguity as well as vagueness, application of fuzzy set theory can be recommended in this context. The present work represents a dominance based decision support system in the light of fuzzy set theory which is basically a simplified version of TODIM and PROMETHEE. It explores dominance between two alternatives with respect to a particular criterion, based on which a global dominance measure is computed to facilitate ranking order of candidate suppliers. The approach proposed in this research seems straightforward which can exclude complex and tedious computational steps of TODIM as well as PROMETHEE. Application potential of the proposed dominance based fuzzy decision-making approach has been compared to that of Fuzzy-TOPSIS and Fuzzy-VIKOR. Good agreement has been observed. In addition to this, the concept of a unique performance index i.e. ‘g-resilient’ (also called ‘ecosilient’) index has been introduced to help in assessing suppliers’ overall performance extent. The work has also been extended to identify the ill (poor)-performing areas in which suppliers are lagging and seek further improvement towards enhancing g-resilient performance level.     

Adsorption characteristics of Cu and Ni on Irish peat moss

Peat has been widely used as a low cost adsorbent to remove a variety of materials including organic compounds and heavy metals from water. Various functional groups in lignin allow such compounds to bind on active sites of peat. The adsorption of Cu(2+) and Ni(2+) from aqueous solutions on Irish peat moss was studied both as a pure ion and from their binary mixtures under both equilibrium and dynamic conditions in the concentration range of 5-100mg/L. The pH of the solutions containing either Cu(2+) or Ni(2+) was varied over a range of 2-8. The adsorption of Cu(2+) and Ni(+2) on peat was found to be pH dependent. The adsorption data could be fitted to a two-site Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity of peat was determined to be 17.6 mg/g for Cu(2+) and 14.5mg/g for Ni(2+) at 298 K when the initial concentration for both Cu(2+) and Ni(2+) was 100mg/L, and the pH of the solution was 4.0 and 4.5, respectively. Column studies were conducted to generate breakthrough data for both pure component and binary mixtures of copper and nickel. Desorption experiments showed that 2mM EDTA solution could be used to remove all of the adsorbed copper and nickel from the bed.     

Some industrial effluents in Durgapur and their impact on the Damodar river

The industrial waste effluents from two industries of Durgapur have been traced along the course of Tamla Nalah at selected sites up to its confluence with the Damodar river and downstream. There are evidences of contamination of the river with toxic pollutants—ammonia, phenol, cyanide, sulphide, and trace mercury from Tamla Nalah. The upstream river water (Durgapur barrage), which is believed to be fairly pure, is actually not much better than the downstream river water. Monitoring data for about a year are presented and discussed.     

土壤粗胡敏素对铜离子的吸附作用及其影响因素

以暗棕壤为供试土壤,应用批量平衡法,研究了不同pH、离子强度、温度、Cu2+浓度和反应时间条件下,粗胡敏素(CHM)对Cu2+的吸附作用,并与相应胡敏酸(HA)的吸附作用进行了比较.结果表明:pH为2～4时,CHM对Cu2+的吸附率较低;随着pH的提高,吸附率增大;pH=7时,吸附率接近100%.随离子强度(0.01～1.00mol·L-1)增加,CHM对Cu2+的吸附量下降,其对Cu2+的吸附包括电性和专性吸附2种作用.随温度(25～45℃)的升高和Cu2+浓度(0～1000mg·L-1)的增加,CHM对Cu2+的吸附量增加,并与Langmuir方程拟合程度最好,25℃和45℃时的最大吸附量分别为12.61mg·g-1和14.31mg·g-1.CHM对Cu2+的吸附动力学过程可划分为快速(0～120min)和慢速(120～1440min)反应阶段,抛物线扩散方程拟合效果最好,与HA相比,CHM对Cu2+的吸附规律与HA相似,但其吸附量低于HA;表观热力学参数(△G、△H、△S)表明,CHM对Cu2+的吸附是自发、吸热和熵增加的过程,Cu2+在CHM上的吸附力大、活动性小、不易解吸,而在HA上的吸附力小、活动性大、容易解吸;活化能(E)和活化热力学参数(△G#、△H#、△S#)表明,CHM对Cu2+吸附所需能量多、活化熵高、吸附速率小,而HA对Cu2+吸附所需能量少、活化熵低、吸附速率大.     

铜冶炼高砷烟尘浸出特性研究

以水为浸取剂,浸出铜冶炼过程中产生的高砷烟尘(砷质量分数为15.06%),研究了反应温度(T)、反应时间(t)、液固比(L/S)、pH值等因素对As、Pb、Zn浸出率的影响,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等表征方法分析了原料及浸出渣的微观结构,揭示了高砷烟尘中As、Pb、Zn物相的溶解机理。结果表明,以Pb_2As_2O_7和(Fe,Zn)_3(AsO_4)_2·8H_2O存在形态为主的高砷烟尘浸出特性受液固比、pH值的影响十分显著,而受反应温度、反应时间的影响很小。在T=50℃、t=30 min、L/S质量比=10∶1、pH=1.0、搅拌速度300 r/min的条件下,Pb浸出率小于0.5%,As浸出率为93%,Zn浸出率为95%。XRD和SEM结果表明,在强酸性条件下,烟尘中的Pb_2As_2O_7物相可溶解释放Pb~(2+)和AsO_4~(3-),而生成的Pb~(2+)可与液相SO_4~(2-)反应生成PbSO_4沉淀,进而降低Pb的浸出率;(Fe,Zn)_3(AsO_4)_2·8H_2O溶解释放出Zn~(2+)和AsO_4~(3-),可进一步提高As和Zn的浸出率。     

邯郸市大气污染源排放清单建立及总量校验

邯郸作为"2+26"城市主要的重工业城市之一,位于京津冀南北传输通道的核心位置,在京津冀地区大气污染协同调控中处于重要地位.为改善当地空气质量,以邯郸市为研究对象,基于拉网式调查获取详细活动水平数据,结合相关排放因子,得到2016年邯郸市大气污染源排放清单;采用WRF-CMAQ（气象-空气质量）数值模型,模拟了2016年典型季节代表月（1月、4月、7月、10月）的空气质量,验证了数值模型的准确性;最后基于总量校验方法,反向估算了邯郸市典型污染物的排放总量,对初始大气污染源排放清单进行校验.结果表明:①2016年邯郸市SO₂、NO_x、TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO、VOCs、NH₃的总排放量分别为78 533、183 126、497 466、258 940、124 637、3 735 355、200 309、187 299 t.②工业源是SO₂、NO_x、PM_2.5、CO和VOCs的主要排放源,分别占总排放量的74.5%、54.5%、30.6%、76.7%和28.1%;无组织扬尘源对TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的贡献较大,分别占总排放量的58.5%、43.6%、30.3%;NH₃的主要排放源为农畜氨及人体和其他氨,二者排放的NH₃占总排放量的96.9%.③总量模型估算得到邯郸市PM_2.5、SO₂、NO₂年排放量分别为152 739、79 405、206 549 t;对比分析校验前、后典型污染物排放发现,校验前的大气污染源排放清单可能低估了PM_2.5和NO_x的排放量.研究显示,邯郸市污染物排放量较大,工业源为主要排放源,建议相关部门加强对工业源的管控力度.      

伊逊河流域总磷污染来源解析

2017—2018年TP成为滦河一级支流伊逊河流域的主要污染因子,部分国控断面水质主要以GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类为主.为开展伊逊河TP污染定量识别研究,在2017年和2018年伊逊河流域水体TP污染时空特征分析的基础上,从流域磷铁矿工业污染、城镇生活污水、雨水径流、河道内源释放以及农业非点源等方面开展TP污染研究.结果表明:①伊逊河流域上游至下游TP污染程度呈加剧恶化趋势,上游唐三营控制单元污染较轻,下游李台控制单元TP污染最重;丰水期TP污染较重,枯/平水期污染较轻;从年度看,2017年TP污染严重,2018年年均ρ（TP）下降了50.00%.②2017年、2018年伊逊河流域TP污染来源差异显著,2017年磷输入主要来自于磷铁矿工业污染,占比为33.46%;选矿企业整改后,2018年磷输入主要来源变为畜禽养殖和城镇生活污染,二者占比合计为59.91%.针对伊逊河流域TP污染特征,提出伊逊河流域TP污染控制建议:加强选矿企业环境监管,进一步完善监管体系;加强流域水土流失治理,实施矿山披绿;大力实施绿色农业工程,加强畜禽养殖布局优化.      

冰雪和降水中黑碳的分布特征与来源研究进展

黑碳（black carbon,BC）影响着全球辐射平衡、大气环境和人体健康,而降水是大气中黑碳的主要去除方式.简述了降水中黑碳的分析方法,重点论述了国内外降水中黑碳的分布特征和对黑碳的去除效率,以及模型和碳同位素示踪技术在识别黑碳来源的应用.结果表明:①单颗粒黑碳光度计因其检测限低、分析速度较快等优点在分析液相介质黑碳中应用较多.②降水中黑碳含量在空间上呈现较大差异,中国降水中黑碳含量较两极地区高2~3个数量级,越靠近两极地区,降水中黑碳含量越低,且工业革命后冰芯中黑碳含量有所增加.由于不同地区工业类型和化石燃料燃烧效率的差异,中国降水中黑碳含量大于东亚其他地区及欧洲地区.长时间（>8 h）降水对黑碳的去除效果较好.③混合单粒子拉格朗日积分轨迹模型、正定矩阵因子分解模型和碳同位素示踪技术相结合能更好地分析降水中黑碳的来源.研究显示,我国降水中黑碳含量较高、污染较重,但对城市降水中黑碳污染的关注还不足,未来应加强对不同地区城市降水中黑碳的观测,充分利用分析模型和碳同位素示踪技术解析降水中黑碳的来源.